王 喆,李 萌,朱小明
·安全用药·
伊立替康的用药风险与合理用药
王 喆,李 萌,朱小明
目的 分析伊立替康在临床使用中出现的不良反应(ADRs)及用药合理性,促进临床安全用药。方法 检索近5年国外有关伊立替康ADRs的文献报道,进行分析整理。结果 伊立替康的ADRs主要为胃肠道反应、血液系统、神经系统、皮肤及附件损害等,严重时可导致死亡。结论 临床医务人员应及时处理伊立替康引起的ADRs,增加患者的依从性、耐受性,以保证临床用药安全。
伊立替康;不良反应;合理用药
伊立替康(Irinotecan)为选择性拓扑异构酶Ⅰ抑制剂,属于喜树碱半人工合成物。主要通过抑制DNA单链断裂后的修复,干扰DNA复制和转录,发挥作用于S期的细胞毒效应。临床上伊立替康是晚期大肠癌的首选化疗药物,也广泛应用于卵巢癌、肺癌、宫颈癌、胃癌及其他多种恶性肿瘤的治疗。其可与5-氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸联合治疗既往未接受化疗的晚期大肠癌患者,而作为单一用药,可用于治疗经含5-氟尿嘧啶化疗方案治疗失败的患者。然而,近年来,随着伊立替康临床应用的日益广泛,其药物不良反应(ADRs)日益受到医务人员的关注。本文对伊立替康的药物不良反应、临床干预及合理用药进行综述,旨在提高临床安全用药水平,降低不良反应发生率,保障患者用药质量。
1.1 消化系统 Gao等[1]报道,133例接受包含伊立替康化疗的患者中(胃癌42例,食管癌91例),有10例患者出现严重腹泻,临床可用头孢克肟以减少伊立替康治疗相关腹泻的发生。此外,在应用伊立替康和奈达铂联合辅助化疗鳞状细胞癌的Ⅱ期临床研究中,Yamaguchi等[2]报道,68例患者接受伊立替康(60 mg/m2,d1、8)和奈达铂(80 mg/m2,d1)化疗,每21 d为1个化疗周期,1~3个化疗周期后,出现的3或4级ADRs包括腹泻(6.1%)、恶心(3%)、厌食(1.5%)、呕吐(1.5%)、肠梗阻(1.5%)。
1.2 血液系统 Matsubara等[3]给予晚期非小细胞肺癌患者伊立替康80 mg/m2(d1、8、15),每4周为1个治疗周期。结果显示,32例患者中,3~4级中性粒细胞减少的发生率为22%,其他ADR症状较为轻微。在应用卡铂和伊立替康联合化疗复发性卵巢癌的研究中,Tsubamoto等[4]报道,40例上皮性卵巢癌患者接受伊立替康(60 mg/m2,d1、8)和卡铂[曲线下面积5 mg/(mL·min),d1]治疗,每21 d为1个治疗周期。在第1个治疗周期内出现3~4级的毒性,包括中性粒细胞减少(65%)、血小板减少症(48%)。
1.3 运动系统 Takatori等[5]报道,1例71岁复发性Ⅲb期复发性宫颈癌患者,接受奈达铂(60 mg/m2,d1、8)和伊立替康(80 mg/m2,d1)联合化疗,化疗期间患者出现3级疲劳。Cortejoso等[6]在应用伊立替康治疗直肠癌患者的回顾性分析中,得到乏力的发生率与ABCB1C1236T的T等位基因单核苷酸多态性有关,同时具有2份GSTT1基因患者的乏力ADR发生率较低。
1.4 皮肤及附件损害 Jehn等[7]应用伊立替康和西妥昔单抗联合治疗伊立替康耐药的497例转移性结直肠癌患者,尽管老年患者有较多并发症且查尔森并发症指数较高,皮疹为常见ADR(18%),但3~4级毒性反应无年龄差异,皮肤毒性(>1级)的发生与无进展生存率和有效率呈正相关。Samalin等[8]应用伊立替康联合索拉非尼治疗原癌基因突变的转移性结直肠癌患者,第一阶段给予患者伊立替康(125、150、180 mg/m2,每2周1次)联合索拉非尼(400 mg,bid),发生无剂量限制性毒性;第二阶段中,54例患者接受伊立替康(180 mg/m2,每2周1次)联合索拉非尼(400 mg,bid)治疗,13%患者出现手足综合征。
1.5 心血管系统 Eichler等[9]应用伊立替康治疗无法切除的肝转移结直肠癌患者,11例患者中,心脏ADR主要表现为心悸(9.1%)。伊立替康联合贝伐单抗治疗52例无法手术的复发或晚期结直肠癌患者,治疗方案为伊立替康(100 mg/m2,d1~15)、贝伐单抗(5 mg/kg,d1~15),每28 d为1个治疗周期。结果显示,3或4级ADR中,高血压占21%[10]。
1.6 感染 Noro等[11]给予20例未接受过治疗的广泛期小细胞肺癌患者至少4个疗程的化疗(氨柔比星、顺铂交替给药,同时每周给予伊立替康和顺铂治疗,3~4周为1个交替循环)。结果显示,非血液学的ADR主要为中度感染(10%),其反应程度可以接受,可以作为治疗广泛期小细胞肺癌的有效方案。Oshita等[12]对21例不能应用手术切除术的非小细胞肺癌老年患者应用紫杉醇和伊立替康联合化疗,给予3个周期的治疗(紫杉醇:160 mg/m2,伊立替康:60 mg/m2,每2~3周为1个周期),有6例发生感染,其中3例发展为3级肺炎。Seymour等[13]在伊立替康联合帕尼单抗对比伊立替康治疗氟尿嘧啶耐药的晚期结直肠癌患者的研究中发现,伊立替康联合帕尼单抗组中感染的发生率为19%,伊立替康组为10%。
1.7 死亡 Hironaka等[14]采用伊立替康(150 mg/m2,d1、15)和紫杉醇(80 mg/m2,d1、8、15),每4周为1个周期,治疗经氟尿嘧啶联合铂类化疗失败的219例晚期胃癌患者,发现伊立替康组出现1.8%治疗相关的死亡事件。Shiozawa等[15]在研究伊立替康为基础化疗相关致死因素的研究中,通过单变量和多变量Logistic回归分析,发现以伊立替康为基础化疗的13 935例患者中,骨髓抑制相关致死病例占70%,间质性肺病相关致死病例占11%。此外,男性、年龄、体力状态≥3、大量腹水、感染和肾功能不全为治疗相关致死的危险因素。因此,为了确保伊立替康治疗的安全性,依据风险因素来选择适当的患者是很重要的。
1.8 其他 1例49岁男性转移性结肠癌患者应用伊立替康(180 mg/m2)作为多药化疗方案的一部分,在静脉注射90 min左右出现构音困难(舌自痹和言语障碍),此现象在停用伊立替康的同时给予水化治疗后消失,可以明确构音困难为伊立替康引起。在随后的化疗周期内,增加患者的伊立替康静脉注射时间(180 min,3~5个治疗周期;240 min,6~12个治疗周期),构音困难未出现,仅在静脉注射180 min时出现舌扭曲[16]。此外,伊立替康还可致低钠血症、高钾血症、呼吸困难、高胆红素、发热、过敏反应、骨髓抑制、脑梗死、胆碱能综合征等不良反应[2,12,17-18]。
随着伊立替康的临床应用日益广泛,其ADR受到医药人员的日益关注。因此,应及时采取应对措施,有效防止ADR的发生,不断提高合理用药水平。
2.1 规范操作 准备和操作伊立替康时,均需佩带眼镜、口罩、手套等。若药物溶液或输注的溶液接触到皮肤,应立即用肥皂和清水彻底冲洗。此外,若溶液或配制的注射液中出现沉淀物,需依据细胞毒药物的标准处理程序弃置。
2.2 安全用药 应用伊立替康出现迟发性腹泻时,需立即和持续给予大量液体及抗腹泻治疗。而对于既往接受过腹部/盆腔放疗的患者、基础白细胞升高、一般状态评分≥2及女性患者,腹泻发生的危险性增加,若治疗不当,可能危及生命。建议临床重视由腹泻引起的脱水以及治疗相关的任何感染性并发症,以便及时采取预防措施。此外,若患者出现急性胆碱能综合征,应使用硫酸阿托品0.25 mg皮下注射治疗。
2.3 特殊人群用药 由于老年患者各项生理功能减退,选择剂量时须谨慎;妊娠期间不能使用伊立替康;育龄妇女在接受伊立替康治疗期间应避免怀孕;此外,伊立替康可能导致婴儿ADR,治疗期间应停止母乳喂养。
近年来,伊立替康ADR的发生较为常见,严重时可危及患者生命,其临床用药对策也长期困扰广大医药人员。因此,应充分依据患者的身体情况,选择适宜的用药方案,同时在临床用药中开展各项指标的监测工作,有助于伊立替康ADR的及时发现和解决。
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Medication risk and rational use of irinotecan
WANG Zhe,LI Meng,ZHU Xiao-ming
(Department of Pharmacy,First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100048,China)
Objective To analyze the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and rational use of irinotecan,and promote the safety drug use.Methods Case reports and literatures about irinotecan-induced ADRs in abroad in recent five years were analyzed and summarized.Results The main adverse reactions of irinotecan were gastrointestinal reaction,hematologic toxicity,neurotoxicity,damages of skin and its appendages and so on,and the serious ADRs could lead to death.Conclusion Clinical medical personnel should cope with ADRs induced by irinotecan,in order to improve the compliance and tolerance of patients and guarantee the safety of clinical drug use.
Irinotecan; Adverse reactions; Rational drug use
2014-09-09
解放军总医院第一附属医院药剂药理科,北京100048
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201504021