赵腾 梁军 林岩松
131I治疗前刺激性Tg在分化型甲状腺癌风险评估及治疗决策中的意义
赵腾 梁军 林岩松
甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)是分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)患者长期随访的重要指标之一。DTC患者的血清Tg监测包括刺激性Tg(sTg)(TSH>30 μIU/ml刺激状态下的Tg水平)和非刺激性Tg(TSH抑制状态下的Tg水平)测定,前者对于DTC患者的病情监测具有更高的灵敏度和特异度。目前,“清甲”治疗后sTg是DTC患者病情监测的重要手段;而131I治疗前sTg(ps-Tg)由于受残余甲状腺组织的影响,在DTC病情评估及治疗决策方面的意义尚存在争议。自2009年美国甲状腺协会的相关指南中指出ps-Tg水平可能对DTC患者的疾病状态有一定的预测作用后,近5年来有关ps-Tg与131I治疗后疾病状态与预后间关系的研究备受关注。笔者主要就ps-Tg在DTC风险评估及治疗决策中的意义进行综述。
甲状腺球蛋白;碘放射性同位素;近距离放射疗法;分化型甲状腺癌
甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤,近年来,其发病率在全球范围内逐年上升[1]。其中,约90%为分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC),以甲状腺乳头状癌和甲状腺滤泡状癌为主。DTC的规范化治疗策略主要包括:手术切除、术后选择性131I治疗以及TSH抑制治疗。其中,131I治疗是DTC术后治疗的重要手段,其作用在于:①清除DTC术后残留的甲状腺组织,简称“清甲”治疗;②清除手术不能切除的摄碘性转移灶,简称“清灶”治疗。甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)是一种由甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞分泌的特异性蛋白,分化程度较好的DTC细胞Tg分泌活跃,因此Tg也是目前DTC患者长期随访过程中进行病情监测的重要指标。DTC患者的血清Tg监测包括刺激性Tg(stimulated thyroglobulin,sTg)和非刺激性Tg测定,前者是指术后未服或停服甲状腺激素后TSH升高(>30 μIU/ml)状态下测定的血清Tg。sTg主要包含两层含义:术后或131I治疗前sTg(preablative stimulated thyroglobulin,ps-Tg)和经131I成功“清甲”治疗后sTg。DTC患者在行甲状腺全切术及131I“清甲”治疗后,若无甲状腺残余或转移灶存在,体内不应再有Tg来源,因此在没有抗体干扰的情况下,“清甲”治疗后sTg对DTC患者病情的监测具有较高灵敏度和特异度[2]。而对于ps-Tg,由于受到残余甲状腺组织的影响,其在DTC诊治中的意义尚存在争议。自2009年美国甲状腺协会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)的相关指南中提出ps-Tg水平可能对DTC患者的疾病状态有一定的预测作用后[3],近5年来国内外关于ps-Tg与疾病状态和预后间关系的研究亦有明显进展。我国2012年的《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》进一步将ps-Tg纳入了131I治疗前再评估的内容[4]。本文主要就ps-Tg监测的相关影响因素、ps-Tg在DTC风险评估及治疗决策中的意义及其研究进展进行综述。
1.1 TSH的影响
DTC患者术后的ps-Tg水平受到多种因素的影响,主要包括TSH水平、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thyroglobulin antibody,TgAb)水平、检测方法以及残余甲状腺组织多少等[5]。其中,TSH是正常甲状腺细胞或DTC细胞产生和释放Tg最重要的刺激因子。由于DTC细胞膜上存在TSH受体,患者在接受TSH刺激后可以增加一些甲状腺特异性蛋白的表达量,如Tg、钠碘同向转运体等,并加快细胞生长速度。在TSH抑制状态下,DTC分泌Tg的能力也受到抑制,导致部分残留肿瘤无法被灵敏地检出[6-7];而TSH升高可刺激正常甲状腺和DTC细胞释放Tg[8]。因此,为更灵敏、准确地反映病情,目前多通过停用甲状腺激素或应用人重组TSH(recombinant human thyrotropin,rhTSH)的方法,使血清TSH水平升高至>30 μIU/ml后再行Tg检测,即为sTg测定[2]。多数患者TSH水平随着术后未服或停服甲状腺激素时间的延长而升高,同一患者在不同TSH水平刺激下Tg的测量值也常常不同。近期研究显示,将sTg测量终点的TSH界值定为>30 μIU/ml对一些患者而言并不合适[9],因为许多患者在以TSH>30 μIU/ml为截点时测量的sTg水平并没有达到峰值,随着停药时间继续延长,其sTg水平可能会随TSH上升而进一步增高。故不同TSH水平会对ps-Tg的测量值造成影响。
1.2 TgAb的影响
TgAb是针对Tg产生的抑制性自身抗体,主要来源于甲状腺内淋巴细胞,多见于甲状腺自身免疫性疾病患者,是机体免疫功能紊乱的标志。DTC患者中约25%的TgAb检测结果呈阳性,这一比例高于正常人群[10]。TgAb的存在会降低血清Tg的检测值,影响通过Tg监测病情的准确性。TgAb阳性时,血清中的Tg可以游离Tg和Tg-TgAb两种形式存在,由于TgAb与Tg结合的位点上存在酶的催化位点,故TgAb具有酶活性,可以催化Tg水解,导致血及甲状腺中的Tg减少,对Tg的测量值造成干扰[11],从而降低了Tg作为DTC肿瘤标志物的灵敏度。TgAb的干扰在很大程度上造成了临床医生根据血清Tg水平对疾病情况判断上的困难。为了减少这种干扰造成的错误判断,应在检测Tg水平的同时筛查TgAb是否阳性。此外,近期一些研究表明,血清TgAb的变化与DTC患者的复发及预后相关[12-13],因此,监测TgAb水平也有助于观察患者术后的病情变化、治疗疗效并辅助其治疗决策。
1.3 不同检测方法的影响
检测方法的不同也可能导致Tg的测定结果存在较大差异,这就要求每例患者应在随访期间尽可能接受同种测量方法的检查,结果应采用CRM-457国际标准来校准。目前,临床常用的血清Tg检测方法主要是电化学发光免疫分析法(electrochemiluminescence immunoassay,ECLIA)和放射免疫分析法(radioimmunoassay,RIA)。前者因其检测时间较短、可实现自动操作、试剂有效期长等优点而更多地被采用[14],但ECLIA法较RIA法更易受到TgAb的干扰,采用ECLIA法同时测定Tg和TgAb时,TgAb的存在可导致Tg的测定值低于真实值,容易造成假阴性,且其干扰程度呈浓度依赖性[15]。因此,对于TgAb阳性的患者,采用RIA检测血清Tg水平较好,但并不是所有实验室都具备这种条件,且该法可能会造成假阳性[10]。
1.4 残余甲状腺的影响
此外,绝大多数DTC患者术后仍存在残余甲状腺,而残留的正常甲状腺组织仍是血清Tg的来源之一,目前尚无明确检测方法能够区分“清甲”治疗前Tg的产生来源,如残余的正常甲状腺、肿瘤组织或者转移灶等。因此,相较于“清甲”治疗后sTg,一些研究者认为ps-Tg在发现DTC残留或复发方面的灵敏度和特异度不高[15-16]。目前,关于ps-Tg区分正常甲状腺和甲状腺癌组织的界值仍不详[3],因此应结合术后残留腺体情况以及其他检查结果进行综合分析。
ps-Tg水平与肿瘤的切除和残留情况密切相关。2009年ATA指南指出,低水平ps-Tg对于提示无残余肿瘤具有较高的阴性预测值[3],而高水平ps-Tg可能提示肿瘤持续存在[17-19]。
2.1 ps-Tg与131I治疗后疾病缓解
低水平ps-Tg是甲状腺近完全切除的标志,通常意味着较低的复发率和较好的预后[17-18,20-21]。研究表明,ps-Tg<1~2 ng/ml是肿瘤缓解的有效预测因子[18,20]。近年来,Kim等[22]进一步发现,ps-Tg<3.3 ng/ml对治疗后1年内达到血清学缓解(sTg<2 ng/ml)具有预测作用;González等[23]进一步报道,DTC术后、131I“清甲”治疗前的“基线sTg”是初始治疗后18~24个月内疾病缓解的有效预测因子,并通过受试者工作曲线得出其预测无病状态的最佳诊断界值为8.55 ng/ml。
2.2 ps-Tg与131I治疗后疾病持续或复发
许多研究表明,ps-Tg是疾病持续或复发的有力预测指标[2,17,24]。早在1990年,Tourniaire等[25]就指出,甲状腺腺叶切除术后及随访过程中若出现Tg水平升高,即可能预示着肿瘤的复发。近年来,许多研究表明ps-Tg在1~2 ng/ml以上可能意味着更高的DTC复发风险[15,17-18,20,26-27]。多因素分析均显示ps-Tg是疾病持续或复发的独立预测因子[20,27]。研究显示,通过停服左甲状腺素方法得到的ps-Tg水平预测疾病持续或复发的最佳诊断界值点介于20~30 ng/ml[28-29]。Kim等[30]进一步将ps-Tg水平与ATA指南中的复发风险分层系统相结合来评估DTC患者经过高剂量131I治疗的预后。结果显示,对于任一复发风险组的患者,ps-Tg>5.22 ng/ml均与疾病持续或复发相关。近期的研究表明,停药后ps-Tg>28 ng/ml(或rhTSH刺激下ps-Tg>2.8 ng/ml)时即与疾病复发或持续状态有关[31]。笔者认为,Tg水平受TSH刺激后上升需要一定的反应时限,rhTSH刺激后得到的ps-Tg界值较停药法低可能与rhTSH刺激后TSH迅速上升而Tg分泌响应相对滞后有关。此外,ps-Tg水平还受肿瘤负荷的影响[31]。
2.3 ps-Tg与DTC远处转移
ps-Tg还可用于预测甲状腺床外的远处转移灶。Makarewicz等[32]报道,ps-Tg对DTC术后患者转移灶的发现具有一定预测作用;尽管ps-Tg<2 ng/ml时也不能完全排除远处转移的可能,研究显示,ps-Tg>5~10 ng/ml时,治疗后131I全身显像发现摄碘性远处转移灶的可能性增加[33]。本课题组的一项前期研究显示,ps-Tg水平异常升高是预测DTC远处转移的灵敏指标[34]。有助于及早发现常规影像学检查无法筛查出的隐匿病灶,其最佳诊断界值点为52.75 μg/L[35]。
2.4 ps-Tg与DTC患者131I“清甲”治疗效果
研究表明,停药后ps-Tg在5~6 ng/ml以上与1.11 GBq(30 mCi)或3.7 GBq(100mCi)131I“清甲”治疗失败相关[36-37],且停药后ps-Tg>6 ng/ml者应用1.11 GBq(30 mCi)131I治疗时,其“清甲”治疗失败的风险可增高5倍[36]。而Lee等[38]报道,当ps-Tg<2 ng/ml时,94.9%的患者对首次131I“清甲”治疗有相当好的治疗反应。近期研究表明,ps-Tg和与其相应的Tg/TSH值都与“清甲”治疗效果显著相关[39],其中,ps-Tg预测“清甲”成功与否的界值为18 ng/ml,Tg/TSH的界值为0.35,后者是“清甲”治疗成功更好的预测指标。
2.5 ps-Tg与DTC患者预后
ps-Tg水平是影响DTC患者预后的重要因素。Lee等[40]报道,ps-Tg水平是DTC患者术后无复发生存的有效预测因子,当ps-Tg<4.4 ng/ml时,5年内无复发生存患者的比例为91.6%;而当ps-Tg≥4.4 ng/ml时,则仅有56.8%的患者5年内未出现疾病复发。ps-Tg高水平(>10~30 ng/ml)与不良预后相关[20,28,41]。Huang等[42]针对DTC远处转移的患者进行了长期随访,结果表明,发现远处转移时sTg<400 μg/L是生存率的独立预测因子,且sTg水平较低者其疾病缓解率也相对较高。Kim等[43]进一步对远处转移性DTC患者生存率的影响因素进行了分析,结果显示,发现远处转移时,sTg<215 ng/ml的远处转移性DTC患者可能有着相对较好的预后。
2009年ATA指南[3]中将DTC患者的术后复发风险分为低、中、高危3层,其中,具备以下特点之一即被视为高危复发风险的患者:①肉眼可见的肿瘤侵犯;②未完全切除肿瘤;③有远处转移;④术后检查发现Tg水平超标。而对于131I治疗前评估中ps-Tg水平超标的具体判断界值,各指南中尚未给出明确推荐。
目前一般认为,ps-Tg用于筛选出可能从131I治疗中获益的DTC患者比其在排除无需行131I治疗的患者方面更有意义。比如,当ps-Tg在5~10 ng/ml以上时,为了修正最初危险分级并方便随访,那些低危复发风险或原本只需选择性应用131I治疗的中危DTC患者也可能需要进行131I治疗。我国2012年的《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》将不明原因的血清Tg水平升高纳入131I治疗前评估中,并推荐对于这部分患者进行131I治疗时可直接应用3.7~7.4 GBq的剂量,以期在“清甲”治疗的同时兼顾“清灶”目的[4]。然而,目前对于行经验性131I治疗的ps-Tg水平界值尚未给出明确推荐。近期一项前瞻性研究提出将ps-Tg>5 ng/ml作为131I治疗的指征[44],如前所述,ps-Tg在5~30 ng/ml以上时会增加疾病持续或复发、伴有远处转移、首次“清甲”失败以及不良预后的可能性,因此,对于ps-Tg>5 ng/ml的DTC患者,可能需要进一步评估及治疗。
目前,ATA指南和我国指南中尚未明确将ps-Tg低水平单独作为131I治疗前评估的一项内容,但近年来一些研究显示,在没有TgAb干扰的情况下,ps-Tg低水平是甲状腺近完全切除的标志,可能对一些患者治疗决策的合理制定具有重要意义。Rosario等[45]报道,ps-Tg≤1 ng/ml时,低危患者是否行131I“清甲”治疗不会对复发率造成影响,这部分患者可直接过渡到TSH抑制治疗。Ibrahimpasic等[46]的研究进一步显示,甲状腺全切术后Tg≤1 ng/ml时,低危和中危组患者可不行131I“清甲”治疗。2013年美国国立综合癌症网络甲状腺癌指南中明确提出,对于甲状腺全切术后T1b/T2N0或少于3~5个淋巴结转移的N1a的甲状腺乳头状癌患者,若无TgAb干扰时Tg<1 ng/ml且诊断性131I全身显像甲状腺床无明确甲状腺组织,则无需行131I“清甲”治疗,可直接过渡到TSH抑制治疗[47]。在131I治疗剂量方面,对于ps-Tg低水平的非高危DTC患者,ATA指南及我国指南均推荐1.11~3.7 GBq的“清甲”治疗剂量。尽管以往认为理论上“清甲”成功率应随着131I活性的增加而增加[48],但近年来有研究证实,应用低剂量放射性碘(1.11 GBq)与高剂量放射性碘(3.7 GBq)在甲状腺残余组织清除率以及肿瘤复发率方面无明显差异[49-50],采用低剂量放射性碘同样可将Tg降至理想水平,且治疗后的不良反应明显少于高剂量组。
上述证据提示:ps-Tg在DTC患者131I治疗前的风险评估中具有重要意义,影响着131I治疗决策及治疗剂量的合理制定。
综上所述,近年来有关ps-Tg与患者131I治疗后疾病状态、“清甲”效果以及预后等关系的研究已经取得了较大进展,但尚缺乏大宗临床研究以及长期随访资料,许多问题仍有待今后深入研究。在分析其临床价值时如何避免TSH、TgAb及残余甲状腺组织对检测结果的影响,以及如何确定合适的ps-Tg判断界值等问题仍需要进一步探讨和解决。在将来的工作中,ps-Tg在DTC患者风险评估中的应用价值将会得到进一步研究,其在指导DTC治疗策略的合理制定方面也将起到重要作用。
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The role of preablative stimulated thyroglobulin in guiding risk estimation and therapeutic decisions of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Zhao Teng*,Liang Jun,Lin Yansong.*Department of Nuclear Medicine,Peking Union Medical college Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100730,China
LiangJun,Email:liangjun1959@aliyun.com;LinYansong,Email:linys@pumch.cn
Serum thyroglobulin(Tg)is an important modality in the long term follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer(DTC).Measurements of serum Tg include stimulated thyroglobulin(sTg)which is usually obtained following TSH stimulation with an elevated TSH level above 30 μIU/ml, and unstimulated Tg which is obtained during thyroid hormone suppression of TSH.Compared with the latter one,the sensitivity and specificity of sTg are better for the surveillance of DTCs.Currently,postablative sTg is well accepted as an important indicator for monitoring residual or recurrent disease.However, because of the influence of thyroid remnant,the value of preablative sTg(ps-Tg)in risk estimation and clinical decision-making remains controversial.According to the American Thyroid Association guidelines revised in 2009,ps-Tg might be helpful in predicting disease status after ablation.In the recent 5 years,several studies focusing on the relationship between ps-Tg and disease status after ablation as well as patients’prognosis have attracted much attention.This article summarizes the relevant advances and controversies about the role of ps-Tg in guiding risk assessment and therapeutic decisions of DTCs.
Thyroglobulin;Iodine radioisotopes;Brachytherapy;Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
2015-01-06)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2015.01.013
国家自然科学基金(30970850);卫生行业科研专项(201202012)
100730,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院,北京协和医院核医学科(赵腾,林岩松);266003,青岛大学附属医院肿瘤科(赵腾,梁军)
梁军(Email:liangjun1959@aliyun.com);林岩松(Email:linys@pumch.cn)