李宇 丁磊磊 许文良** 王枫 唐杰 赵硕 王子进
LI Yu1,DING LeiLei2,XU WenLiang1**,WANG Feng1,TANG Jie1,ZHAO Shuo1 and WANG ZiJin1
1. 吉林大学地球科学学院,长春 130061
2. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029
1. College of Earth Sciences,Jilin University,Changchun 130061,China
2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China
2014-05-02 收稿,2014-10-29 改回.
东北地区位于中亚造山带的东段,在古生代期间,该区以多个微陆块(自西向东包括额尔古纳地块、兴安地块、松嫩-张广才岭地块、佳木斯地块和兴凯地块)之间的拼合和古生代晚期-中生代早期古亚洲洋的最终闭合为特征(李锦轶等,1999;Wu et al.,2002,2007,2011;Li,2006;Xu et al.,2009;Meng et al.,2010;Wang et al.,2012a,b;Cao et al.,2013;Li et al.,2014)。中生代期间,东北地区经历了环太平洋构造体系和蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系的叠加与改造(葛文春等,2001;孟恩等,2011;Yu et al.,2012;Xu et al.,2013;徐美君等,2013;Sun et al.,2013;Dong et al.,2014;Tang et al.,2014)。当前,有关东北地区花岗质岩石和火山岩的年代学与地球化学的研究,已经揭示了古亚洲洋构造体系和环太平洋构造体系影响的时间尺度和空间范围(Li,2006;许文良等,2008,2013;Meng et al.,2011;Wu et al.,2011;Xu et al.,2013),相比之下,对蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带的演化历史以及该缝合带对中国东北乃至华北影响的时空范围讨论很少。近年来的研究表明,蒙古鄂霍茨克洋向北俯冲的同时(Reichow et al.,2010;Donskaya et al.,2013),也存在向南东方向的俯冲作用(Orolmaa et al.,2008;佘宏全等,2012;Xu et al.,2013;Sun et al.,2013;Tang et al.,2014)。然而,蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋对中国境内的俯冲作用何时结束?东北地区中生代花岗岩尤其位于小兴安岭西北部中生代的花岗岩,其形成是与环太平洋构造体系有关?还是与蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系有关?这些问题都没有得到解决。鉴于此,本文对兴安地块与松嫩-张广才岭地块结合部位的白云母花岗岩进行了年代学与地球化学研究,讨论了白云母花岗岩的形成时代、岩石成因及其形成的构造背景,这对认识东北地区中生代的构造属性与演化历史具有重要意义。
图1 研究区地质简图(a,据Wu et al.,2007 修改)Fig.1 Geological sketch map of the studied area (a,modified after Wu et al.,2007)
表1 孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年数据Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in Sunwu area
图2 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的镜下显微照片Af-碱性长石;Mus-白云母;Pl-斜长石;Q-石英Fig.2 Photomicrographs of the Middle Jurassic muscovite graniteAf-Alkali feldspar;Mus-muscovite;Pl-plagiocalse;Q-quartz
研究区位于黑龙江省孙吴地区,大地构造位置位于贺根山-黑河缝合带以东的松嫩-张广才岭地块上。研究区出露有古生代、中生代及新生代地层(图1)。其中古生界主要为石炭系;中生界主要为侏罗系和白垩系;新生界包括有古近纪和新近纪以及第四系。研究区花岗岩分布广泛,大体呈NNW 向展布,侵入到石炭纪地层当中,并被白垩系覆盖。此外,研究区内发育有多条NNE 以及NW 向断裂。前人根据岩体与地层之间的侵入关系和少量的K-Ar 同位素年龄数据将研究区内的花岗质岩石主体(包括本文研究岩体)划归为华力西期(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993,1997)。然而,近年来,最新年代学研究结果显示,研究区除少量晚古生代花岗岩(主要是二叠纪花岗岩)之外,主体属于中生代花岗岩(Wu et al.,2011)。依据该区中生代岩浆事件的研究成果(Wang et al.,2006;Zhang et al.,2008,2010;Xu et al.,2013;Wu et al.,2011),该区中生代经历了多期构造岩浆热事件的改造,本文研究的白云母花岗岩也经历了晚期构造事件的改造,该白云母花岗岩中的斜长石变形明显,同时白云母具有定向特征,矿物粒间具有挤压破碎现象(图2)。
本文研究的白云母花岗岩采样地点位于黑龙江孙吴县西岗子镇采石场(经纬度为127°19′40.9″E,49°59′16.2″N)(图1),其岩相学特征如下:
样品12HSW5:白云母二长花岗岩,新鲜面灰白色,中细粒花岗结构,块状构造。主要组成矿物有石英(25%,0.2 ~0.5mm)、斜长石(31%,0.5 ~1.2mm)、碱性长石(35%,0.5~2.5mm)以及白云母(7%,0.1 ~0.2mm),副矿物为锆石,磷灰石和磁铁矿(2%)(图2)。
本文样品在河北省廊坊物探勘察院采用常规方法进行粉碎,并用电磁选方法进行分选,然后在双目镜下挑选出晶形和透明度较好,无裂痕和包裹体的锆石颗粒,并将锆石粘贴在环氧树脂表面,打磨抛光后使得锆石中心部位暴露出来,然后对其进行透射光、反射光和阴极发光(CL)图像的采集。锆石的制靶和显微图像的采集均在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 同位素分析在中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室的Agilent 7500a ICP-MS 仪器上用标准测定程序进行。试验中采用高纯He 作为剥蚀物质载气,用美国国家标准技术研究院研制的人工合成硅酸盐玻璃标准参考物质NIST SRM610 进行仪器最佳化,样品测定时用哈佛大学标准锆石91500 作为外部校正,以保证标准和样品的仪器条件完全一致。本次实验采用的激光束斑直径为32μm,详细实验步骤和数据处理方法见参考文献(Liu et al.,2008,2010a,b)。测试结果的处理采用软件ICPMSDataCal(Liu et al.,2008,2010a)完成,普通Pb 校正采用Andersen(2002)方法,年龄计算跟谐和图的绘制均采用国际标准程序Isoplot (ver3.0)(Ludwig,2003)完成,给定的同位素比值和年龄误差均在lσ水平。本文样品锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 分析结果见表1。
表2 孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩主量元素(%)与微量元素(×10 -6)分析结果Table 2 Major (%)and trace elements (×10 -6)compositions for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in Sunwu area
采集的样品首先经过薄片显微镜下鉴定,然后选择最新鲜的样品用于地球化学分析,样品的粉碎加工均在无污染设备中进行。主量元素以及痕量元素分析在中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成。主量元素采用玻璃熔片大型X 射线荧光光谱法(XRF)分析,元素分析的重现性(准确度)优于3%;痕量元素的分析利用Agilent 7500a ICP-MS 完成。详细的样品消解处理过程、分析精密度和准确度同Liu et al. (2008)。本文白云母花岗岩样品的主要元素和痕量元素的分析结果见表2。
在LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 定年的基础上,参照锆石阴极发光(CL)图像对本文所采样品进行了锆石微区Hf 同位素测定工作。锆石原位Lu-Hf 同位素分析在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所配有193nm 激光取样系统的Neptune 多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)上进行,激光束斑直径为44μm,激光脉冲宽度为15ns,试验中采用He 气作为剥蚀物质载气。采用Mud Tank 标样,详细的测试过程见Xu et al. (2004)详细测试流程以及仪器运行条件等参见Wu et al. (2006)。测定时用国际标样91500 作外标,所用的激光脉冲速率为6 ~8Hz,激光光束脉冲能量为100mJ。本文白云母花岗岩样品的Lu-Hf 同位素数据见表3。
本文对孙吴地区白云母花岗岩(HSW7-2)样品进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年,分析结果见表1 和图3。孙吴地区白云母花岗岩(HSW7-2)中的锆石为自形晶或半自形晶,核边结构明显,生长振荡环带发育(图3),Th/U 比值介于0.24 ~1.55 之间(表1),暗示其岩浆成因(Koschek,1993)。
表3 孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩锆石Lu-Hf 同位素分析结果Table 3 Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic data for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in Sunwu area
图3 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩部分测定锆石的CL 图像Fig.3 CL images of the selected zircons from the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in the study area
所测定的22 个测点的206Pb/238U 年龄值介于164 ±1Ma~172 ±2Ma 之间(表1),其加权平均年龄为168 ±1Ma(图4),代表了白云母花岗岩的形成时代,为中侏罗世。
图4 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb 年龄谐和图Fig. 4 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in the study area
孙吴地区白云母花岗岩的主量元素和痕量元素分析结果见表2。
4.2.1 主量元素
孙吴地区白云母花岗岩的SiO2=74.61% ~80.16%、Al2O3= 10.59% ~13.90%、(Na2O + K2O)= 6.81% ~9.73%、MgO =0.08% ~0.38%、Fe2O3= 0.11% ~0.30%。从(K2O + Na2O)-SiO2(图5a;Irvine and Baragar,1971)和K2O-SiO2(图5b;Peccerillo and Taylor,1976)以及A/CNKA/NK(图6;Maniar and Piccoli,1989)变异图解中,可以看出白云母花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质-过铝质系列(A/CNK=0.97 ~1.13)。
图5 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)(a,据Irvine and Baragar,1971;Rickwood,1989)和SiO2-K2O 图解(b,据Peccerillo and Taylor,1976)图中部分数据引自文献曾涛等,2011;李仰春等,2013Fig.5 Plot of total alkali vs. SiO2(TAS)(a,after Irvine and Baragar,1971;Rickwood,1989)and plot of SiO2 vs. K2O (b,after Peccerillo and Taylor,1976)for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in the study areaPart of the data are from Zeng et al.,2011;Li et al.,2013
图6 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的A/CNK-A/NK图解(据Maniar and Piccoli,1989)Fig.6 Plot of A/CNK vs. A/NK for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in the study (after Maniar and Piccoli,1989)
4.2.2 痕量元素
白云母花岗岩的稀土元素含量总体含量较低,∑REE 介于24.05 ×10-6~36.71 ×10-6之间。球粒陨石标准化曲线(图7a)呈右倾型,轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损(∑LREE/∑HREE = 4.21 ~5.25,(La/Yb)N= 3.74 ~4.92),主体具有弱的Eu 的负异常,个别具有Eu 的正异常(δEu=0.66 ~1.21)。原始地幔标准化的蛛网图(图7b)上显示,白云母花岗岩富集Ba、Rb、K 等大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Ti。
在LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 定年的基础上,对白云母花岗岩样品进行了锆石原位微区Lu-Hf 同位素分析,分析结果见表3。
白云母花岗岩(HSW7-2)中代表其形成时代锆石(168Ma)的176Hf/177Hf 比值介于0.28288 ~0.283000 之间,其εHf(t)值介于+7.5 ~+11.7 之间(表3、图8)。Hf 同位素单阶段模式年龄(tDM1)和二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)分别变化于361 ~533Ma 和595 ~966Ma 之间。孙吴地区白云母花岗岩的εHf(t)值位于兴蒙造山带东段εHf(t)值的分布范围内(图8),而与华北克拉通北缘燕山褶皱带的εHf(t)值明显不同(Yang et al.,2006)。
前人对研究区内花岗岩的测年主要通过K-Ar 法,将本区的花岗岩简单的划分为华力西期和燕山期,详细的锆石年代学资料极少。由于K-Ar 体系具有较低的封闭温度,并且该区经历了多期晚期岩浆构造热事件的改造。因此,K-Ar年龄不能准确反映岩浆的侵位结晶年龄。通过白云母花岗岩的锆石CL 图像(图3)可以清楚地看出锆石具有典型的岩浆振荡生长环带,结合其较高的Th/U 比值(0.24 ~1.55),说明它们均是岩浆结晶作用的产物,所测定的年龄应代表了岩体的形成时代。锆石U-Pb 定年结果显示,研究区白云母花岗岩的形成时代为168Ma,为中侏罗世,而并不是前人所定的华力西期(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993,1997)。
图7 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(a,标准化值据Boynton,1984)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b,标准化值据Sun and McDonough,1989)图中阴影部分的数据引自文献武广等,2008;曾涛等,2011;李仰春等,2013Fig.7 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a,normalization values after Boynton,1984)and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider (b,normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)diagrams for the Early Jurassic intrusive rocksThe shadow areas are from Wu et al.,2008,Zeng et al.,2011;Li et al.,2013
图8 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)-t 图解(据Yang et al.,2006)Fig.8 Zircon Hf isotopic features for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in the study area (after Yang et al.,2006)
孙吴地区白云母花岗岩形成于中侏罗世,这与研究区内二云母花岗岩(Wu et al.,2011)、小兴安岭西北部新开岭地区大平山二云母二长花岗岩体(171Ma)、新开岭花岗岩体(164Ma)(曾涛等,2011)、大兴安岭北端的龙沟河、二十一站等埃达克质岩体(武广等,2008)、内蒙古阿木古楞二长花岗岩(何付兵等,2013)以及鸡冠山地区花岗闪长岩(李仰春等,2013)的形成时代一致,暗示研究区中侏罗世岩浆事件的存在。
孙吴地区白云母花岗岩具有高硅、富铝、富碱、贫镁、贫铁,富集大离子亲石元素,贫高场强元素等特征,显示其原始岩浆应为地壳物质的部分熔融而成。白云母花岗岩显示出微弱的Eu 负异常到正异常,明显不同于幔源岩浆演化所形成的酸性岩石,后者具有强烈负Eu 异常特征(Rollison,2000)。白云母花岗岩重稀土元素含量较低暗示岩浆源区具有富集重稀土元素矿物(如石榴子石)的残留,表明其原始岩浆应起源于加厚陆壳物质的部分熔融。孙吴地区白云母花岗岩中结晶锆石的εHf(t)值均为正值(+7.5 ~+11.7),Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(595 ~966Ma)为新元古代,表明研究区白云母花岗岩的原始岩浆起源于新增生的加厚陆壳物质的部分熔融。
在岩石化学上,本文研究的白云母花岗岩并不具有典型S 型花岗岩的地球化学属性,这种特征可能与东北地区的地壳属性有关——即东北地区主要是古生代的造山带,仅有少量古老陆壳物质(主体为新元古代)的存留(Tang et al.,2013;Wang et al.,2014),其整体陆壳成熟度较低,具有这种性质的地壳物质部分熔融的熔体很难达到富铝的地球化学属性,因此,仅从花岗岩的成因类型很难判定其形成的构造环境。然而,孙吴地区白云母花岗岩重稀土元素含量较低,暗示岩浆源区有石榴子石的残留,结合特征富铝矿物白云母的存在,表明白云母花岗岩应是加厚陆壳物质部分熔融的产物(Pearce et al.,1990;Harris et al.,1986;Barbarin,1999),暗示该区白云母花岗岩形成一种陆壳加厚或陆-陆碰撞环境,这与R1-R2 判别图解(图9)所揭示的研究样品主要位于同碰撞花岗岩成因区的结果相吻合。此外,位于研究区同时代的二云母花岗岩(Wu et al.,2011)、大平山二云母二长花岗岩(171Ma)、新开岭花岗岩体(164Ma)(曾涛等,2011)、大兴安岭北端的龙沟河、二十一站等埃达克质岩体(武广等,2008)、内蒙古阿木古楞二长花岗岩(何付兵等,2013)的地球化学特征均显示adakitic 岩石的地球化学属性,这揭示在中侏罗世期间小兴安岭西北部曾发生过一次重要的陆壳加厚事件。
图9 研究区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的R1-R2 构造判别图解(据Batchelor and Bowden,1985)图中阴影部分的数据引自文献武广等,2008;曾涛等,2011;李仰春等,2013Fig. 9 R1-R2 tectonic discrimination diagram for the Middle Jurassic muscovite granites in the study area (after Batchelor and Bowden,1985)The shadow area is from Wu et al.,2008,Zeng et al.,2011;Li et al.,2013
研究区位于兴安地块与松嫩-张广才岭地块的结合部位,鉴于兴安地块与松嫩-张广才岭地块在早石炭末期发生碰撞拼合(赵芝等,2010;崔芳华等,2013;Li et al.,2014)和古亚洲洋在古生代晚期-中生代早期完成了最终的闭合(孙德有等,2004;Li,2006;李锦轶等,2007;Cao et al.,2013),研究区中侏罗世陆壳加厚事件应与蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系或/和环太平洋体系相联系,究竟是哪种构造体系的影响,这可从中生代火成岩的时空变异中得到回答。
首先,从时间上看,孙吴地区白云母花岗岩的形成时代为中侏罗世,其形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系有关,与环太平洋体系无关。证据如下:(1)在额尔古纳-根河地区发现了一套早侏罗世玄武岩-玄武安山岩钙碱性火山岩组合(Zhang et al.,2008;Xu et al.,2013),该套火山岩组合反映了活动陆缘的构造背景,代表了蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋向南俯冲作用的发生;此外,乌奴格吐山大型斑岩铜钼矿床、八大关中型斑岩铜钼矿床以及太平川小型斑岩铜钼矿床的形成均被认为与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋向南俯冲作用有关(Chen et al.,2011;Li et al.,2012);(2)在满洲里额尔古纳地区形成了年龄在166 ~158Ma 晚侏罗世的火山岩组合(Wang et al.,2006;Zhang et al.,2008;孟恩等,2011;Xu et al.,2013),是与蒙古鄂霍茨克构造带有关的加厚陆壳坍塌阶段或拆沉阶段的产物;(3)在中侏罗世,欧亚大陆东侧处于拉张海盆的构造环境(赵海玲等,1996;程瑞玉等,2006),吉黑东部尚未发现165 ~140Ma 的火山岩(许文良等,2013)。综合上述特征,可以判定孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系演化有关,与环太平洋构造体系无关。
其次,从空间上看,研究区位于兴安地块与松嫩-张广才岭地块的结合部位。前人研究认为环太平构造体系中生代对东北亚大陆影响的空间范围主要在松辽盆地及以东地区;而蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造体系影响的空间范围主要在松辽盆地以西以及华北地块北缘(赵越等,1994,2006;许文良等,2013)。此外,对大兴安岭与小兴安岭西北部衔接地区变质杂岩(包括新开岭群、风水沟河群等)的锆石U-Pb 年代学研究表明,它们经历了160 ~170Ma 变质作用的改造,并认为该期变质作用与蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带的闭合有关(Miao et al.,2014);在冀北-辽西地区,广泛存在一个区域性的地层不整合—即在海房沟组之下存在一个区域性的自北向南的逆冲构造,其逆冲推覆时间在170Ma 左右(Zhang et al.,2011),表明了中侏罗世陆壳加厚事件的存在(赵越等,1994,2004;Gao et al.,2004;刘健等,2006;Yang and Li,2008)。综合上述特征可以判定,在中侏罗世期间,从小兴安岭西北部至冀北-辽西地区存在了一次重要的陆壳加厚与逆冲推覆事件,其推覆方向与蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带的闭合有关。
综上所述,孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的形成应与蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带闭合过程中的陆-陆碰撞环境有关,而与环太平洋构造体系无关。白云母花岗岩的形成时代(168Ma)限定了蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋在额尔古纳地块西北部的闭合时间应为中侏罗世。
通过对孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的锆石U-Pb 年代学、岩石地球化学以及Hf 同位素分析,结合区域构造演化历史,可以得出如下结论:
(1)孙吴地区白云母花岗岩的锆石U-Pb 定年结果显示:其形成于中侏罗世(~168Ma),并不是前人厘定的华力西期。
(2)孙吴地区白云母花岗的原始岩浆起源于新增生的加厚陆壳物质的部分熔融。
(3)孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带闭合过程中的陆-陆碰撞有关,与环太平洋构造体系无关。蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋在额尔古纳地块西北部的闭合时间为中侏罗世。
致谢 感谢河北省廊坊物探勘察院在锆石的分选过程中给予的帮助;同时感谢中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室以及中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所在锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 分析以及主量元素、微量元素及Hf 同位素测试过程中给予的大力帮助。
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