周童瑜,南京大学博士,主要研究方向是国际关系和中美文化。托福考试满分获得者,知名语法专家,对英语语法有独到研究。
婚礼的英文誓词中有一句是“till death do us part”,death是第三人称,但并未用does, 因为这是一种特殊虚拟式。提到虚拟语气,我们脑海中知识的主体是非真实条件句的虚拟用法。然而,条件句之外的特殊虚拟式却往往出其不意地让我们陷入麻烦。
这类特殊虚拟式由部分特殊词引发,这些词汇主要包括wish,as if,if only等,以及一组表示建议、请求、命令的词汇。这些词汇所引发的虚拟语气结构,我们可以概括为两类:“时间式”特殊虚拟式和“原形式”特殊虚拟式。
“时间式”特殊虚拟式
1.Wish组:wish从句表示现在的愿望, 从句动词用过去式。如:I wish I knew his address.(事实上我现在不知道)/ I wish I were a millionaire. (但我现在不是)用wish从句表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望时,从句动词用过去完成时或would/could/might have done.如:I wish you had written to him. /I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to go to class earlier. 有时wish从句表示请求,或对现状不满,或希望将来有所改变时,这时从句动词通常只用would(或could)。如: I wish I would remember her name. (实际上是忘记了) / I wish you would (或 could) come. (注意:不是 will)
例1 I wish you him my telephone number, but you did.
A. didnt give B. hadnt given
C. wouldnt give D. shouldnt give
解析:此题选B。but you did提示你实际给了他电话号码,“没给”只是一种愿望。
2.If only组:if only 与 wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后的虚拟式与 wish从句相同。如:If only I werent so nervous. 要是我不这么紧张就好了/If only the alarm clock had rung. 如果当时闹钟响就好了。If only也可用于陈述语气,如:If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。
例2 As many as 150 miners died in the accident. If only the mine-owners enough attention to the safety measures!
A. paid B. should pay C. would pay D. had paid
解析:此题选D。根据句子意思,应是与过去事实相反,故用过去完成时。
3.As if (though) 组:以as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;若表示与过去事实相反,则用过去完成时;若表示将来的可能性不大,一般用would (might, could)+动词原形。如:I love you as if you were my daughter. 我像爱我的女儿一样爱你。注意:若从句表示的内容可能为事实,亦可用陈述语气。试区别:It looks as if he is ill.(真的病了)/It looks as if he were ill. (没有生病)
例3 He is a poorly learned man, but he acts as though he .
A. is B. were C. should be D. seems like
解析:此题选B。表示与现在的状况相反,故用过去时。
4.It is (high) time组:It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,且should不可省略。其意为“(早就)该干某事了”。 如:It is time that the children went to bed/It is high time that the children should go to bed.注意:time前有时还可以用about修饰。
“原形式”特殊虚拟式
此处“原形”是指动词原形。有一类动词,要求其后的宾语从句必须用(should) do的结构来表示虚拟语气。这类动词主要有:advise, arrange, ask, beg, command, consent, decide, demand, deserve, desire, determine, direct(指示), forbid, insist, move(提议), order, pray, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge, vote等,主要表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等。
例4 The manager required that the work before Friday.
A. should finish B. would be finished
C. be finished D. was to be finished
解析:此题只要了解“原形式”虚拟式的用法,就可以迎刃而解,选C。
考生需要注意的是:suggest不表示“建议”,insist不表示“坚持要某人做某事”时,当它们表示“暗示、表明”和“坚持认为”时,宾语从句要用陈述语气,不用虚拟式。
例5 I suggested to my father that we to Hong Kong for a holiday this summer, but the expression on his face suggested that he to it.
A. go;shouldnt agree B. would go;shouldnt agree
C. go;didnt agree D. would go;didnt agree
例6 The little boy insisted that he nothing wrong and that he .
A. should do;not punish
B. did;not punish
C. had done;not be punished
D. do;should not be punished
解析:例5前面一个表示“建议”,后面一个表示 “暗示”,故选C。例6前面一个表示“坚持认为”,后面一个表示“坚持要某人做某事”,故选C。
此外,这些词衍生的名词如advice, decision, idea, importance, insistence, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, understanding, a pity, a shame等作主语后的表语从句或同位语从句,从句谓语动词也要用“原形式”特殊虚拟式,如:
The professor gave an order that the test ( should ) be finished before 13:30.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
在It is a pity/a shame that ...句型中,that从句用“原形式”虚拟式表示出乎意料,常译为“竟然”。若不表示这种含义,则不用虚拟式。如:It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 对比:It is a pity that he is ill.
例7 It is a great pity that she so conceited.
A. is B. was C. were D. be
解析:此题选D。意思为很遗憾,她太自负了。
同样,这些词衍生的形容词和过去分词在it的句型中,也需采用“原形式”虚拟式,如it is/was+advisable/ appropriate/compulsory/crucial/curious/desirable/essential/imperative/important/ insistent/keen/natural/necessary/proper/recommendable/ridiculous/right/strange/urgent/vital/arranged/decided/demanded/desired/insisted/ordered/proposed/recommended/requested/required/resolved/suggested/urged that +(should) do.
例8 It is highly desirable that a new president
for this college
A. appointed B. is appointed
C. be appointed D. has been appointed
解析:此题对应上述原则,根据desirable这个关键词,以及省略的Should,可知答案为C。
通过上文我们可以看出,特殊词引发的特殊虚拟式并不难记忆,两种类别的分类模式,将特殊虚拟式一网打尽,有没有让你有一种“虚拟语气其实很简单”的感慨呢?God bless you!
推荐阅读:说到ing的用法,规则之多,内容之繁,考生一般难以厘清。但本期同步出刊的《求学》文科版“新生语法系列”之《“ing”的奇境记》,带你领略“ing”的九大奇境!