经皮椎体后凸成形术单侧与双侧椎弓根入路治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折效果比较

2015-03-12 01:36高骏
中国医药导报 2015年2期

高骏

高 骏

浙江省金华市中医院骨三科,浙江金华 321000

[摘要] 目的 比较经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)单侧与双侧椎弓根入路治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的效果。 方法 选择2010年1月~2014年5月于浙江省金华市中医院住院并行手术治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者68例。采用随机数字表将其分为单侧组(34例,41个椎体)和双侧组(34例,42个椎体),分别采用单侧与双侧椎弓根入路进行PKP治疗。观察并比较两组患者手术时间、出血量和骨水泥灌注量及术后椎体压缩率、Cobb's角恢复情况、疼痛缓解情况及并发症的发生率。 结果 单侧组患者的手术时间、出血量和骨水泥灌注量[(46.64±9.71)min、(5.14±1.42)mL、(3.24±0.72)mL]均明显少于双侧组[(64.27±12.71)min、(7.29±1.78)mL、(4.38±0.94)mL],差异有统计学意义(t=2.32、2.37、2.29,P < 0.05);术后1个月,两组患者椎体压缩率、Cobb's角和VAS评分[(22.84±4.43)%、(15.31±3.07)°、(2.72±0.49)分、(21.73±4.12)%、(14.87±2.95)°、(2.60±0.45)分]均较术前[(35.82±6.48)%、(24.26±5.17)°、(8.16±1.37)分、(36.07±7.05)%、(23.92±4.97)°、(7.92±4.97)分]明显改善,差异有统计学意义(t=2.31、2.34、4.07、2.41、2.37、4.15,P < 0.05或P < 0.01),且两组患者改善幅度比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);两组患者术中均未发生神经及脊髓损伤,单侧组和双侧组术后发生骨水泥渗漏5例和3例,两组患者术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.14,P > 0.05)。 结论 单侧与双侧椎弓根入路PKP均是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折安全有效的微创方法,两者在缓解腰背部疼痛、恢复椎体高度及Cobb's角上的疗效相当,前者的手术创伤小、手术时间短、出血量少和骨水泥灌注量相对较少,不增加术后并发症的发生率。

[关键词] 经皮椎体后凸成形术;骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折;单侧椎弓根;双侧椎弓根

[中图分类号] R683.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2015)01(b)-0042-04

[Abstract] Objective To compare the curative effect of uni-extrapedicular approach and bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty by percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Methods 68 cases of patients with OVCFs, who were given the operational medical treatment in Jinhua Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Zhejiang Province, during the period from January 2010 to May 2014, were selected, and divided into uni-extrapedicular group (34 cases, 41 vertebrae) and bipedicula group (34 cases, 42 vertebrae) by table of random number, and were given uni-extrapedicular approach and bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty by PKP respectively. The operation time, amount of bleeding, bone cement perfusion amount, postoperative vertebral compression rate, Cobb's angle recovery, pain relief condition and complication occurrence rate of patients in two groups were observed and compared as well. Results The operation time, amount of bleeding and bone cement perfusion amount of patients in uni-extrapedicular group [(46.64±9.71) min, (5.14±1.42) mL, (3.24±0.72) mL] were much shorter or less than those in bipedicula group [(64.27±12.71) min, (7.29±1.78) mL, (4.38±0.94) mL], the differences were statistically significant (t=2.32, 2.37, 2.29,P < 0.05). The vertebral compression rate, Cobb's angle recovery and VAS one month after operation [(22.84±4.43)%, (15.31±3.07)°, (2.72±0.49) score, (21.73±4.12)%、(14.87±2.95)°, (2.60±0.45) score] were greatly improved than before operation [(35.82±6.48)%, (24.26±5.17)°, (8.16±1.37) score, (36.07±7.05)%, (23.92±4.97)°, (7.92±4.97) score], the differences were statistically significant (t=2.31, 2.34, 4.07, 2.41, 2.37, 4.15, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and after comparing the improvement rates of patients in the two groups, there was no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). No nerve and spinal cord injury were appeared on patients in the two groups during the operation, while 5 cases and 3 cases of leakage of bone cement were appeared in uni-extrapedicular group and bipedicula group respectively after the operation. Comparing the complication occurrence rates of patients in the two groups after operation, there was no statistically significant differences (χ2=0.14, P > 0.05). Conclusion Both uni-extrapedicular approach and bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty by PKP are the safe and effective minimally invasive methods to treat OVCFs, which has the equivalent curative effect on the relief of back pain, and recovery of vertebral height and Cobb's angel, and compared with the latter, the former has smaller operation damage, shorter operation time, less amount of bleeding, less amount of bone cement perfusion and no increase of complication occurrence rate after operation.

[Key words] Percutaneous kyphoplasty; Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures; Uni-Extrapedicular approach of vertebroplasty; Bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty

椎体压缩骨折是常见的脊柱损伤之一,是骨质疏松症最常见的并发症,好发于中老年患者[1]。经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)是目前治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折最常用的术式,能明显缓解患者的疼痛,而且能恢复椎体高度和缓解后凸畸形,在临床上已广泛应用[2-3]。但对PKP是单侧还是双侧椎弓根入路治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折目前临床上尚存争议[4-5]。近年来浙江省金华市中医院(以下简称“我院”)采用单侧PKP手术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,效果满意,现报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2010年1月~2014年5月于我院住院并行手术治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者68例。纳入标准:①通过X线、CT、磁共振(MR)和骨密度仪等检查确诊为新鲜或或亚急性期骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折;②伴明显腰背部疼痛症状,有手术指征。排除标准:①脊柱原发性或转移性肿瘤引起的骨折;②伴脊髓或神经功能受损;③患者具有基础疾病,估计无法耐受手术。采用随机数字表将其分为单侧组(34例,41个椎体)和双侧组(34例,42个椎体),分别采用单侧与双侧椎弓根入路进行治疗。两组患者的性别、年龄、病程等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。本研究经我院伦理委员会批准,入组前均征得所有患者知情同意。

1.2 手术方法

两组患者常规术前准备,取俯卧位,术前C臂机透视确定伤椎位置,选择局部浸润麻醉。单侧组[6]:采用单侧椎弓根入路,在C臂机透视下由后上向前下穿剌,将14G穿刺针于一侧椎弓根外上缘钻入,至针尖达到椎体前中1/3处退出针芯,依次置入扩张套管、工作套管,透视下使用精细钻扩孔,置入球囊并扩张使骨折复位,使用压力注射器将调制好的骨水泥注入椎体内,当骨水泥达椎体后壁时停止注射,待骨水泥硬化后拔除穿刺针,拔出套管, 缝合切口。双侧组[7]:采用双侧椎弓根入路,穿剌方法同单侧,先行一侧椎弓根穿剌后行球囊扩张后同法处理另一侧,均在透视下双侧同时将骨水泥推注入椎体。术后卧床24 h,第2天可佩戴腰围下床活动。观察并比较两组患者手术时间、出血量和骨水泥灌注量及术后椎体压缩率、Cobb's角、视觉模拟评分(VAS)及并发症发生率。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 椎体压缩率和Cobb's角测量[8] 椎体压缩率:采用侧位X线片测量椎体压缩部位高度及相应部位上位椎体高度,计算椎体压缩率。椎体压缩率=[1-压缩椎体压缩部位高度/相应部位上位椎体高度]×100%。Cobb's角:采用测量侧位X线片上压缩椎体上终板与下终板的垂线夹角。

1.3.2 疼痛评分[9] 采用VAS评分,分值介于0~10分,其中,0分为无痛,10分为剧烈疼痛。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者手术时间、出血量和骨水泥灌注量的比较

单侧组患者的手术时间、出血量和骨水泥灌注量均明显少于双侧组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 两组患者手术前后椎体压缩率、Cobb's角和VAS评分比较

2.3 两组患者并发症发生情况比较

两组患者术中均未发生神经及脊髓损伤,单侧组和双侧组术后发生骨水泥渗漏5例(14.71%)和3例(8.82%),均为少量,未给予特殊处理,两组患者术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.14,P > 0.05)。

3 讨论

随着老年人口的增长和人均寿命的延长,骨质疏松的发病率呈明显的上升趋势。椎体压缩性骨折是骨质疏松最常见及最严重的并发症之一,既往多采取卧床休息进行保守治疗,但约1/3患者会出现剧烈腰背部疼痛、脊柱畸形和活动障碍等症状,往往需手术治疗[10-11]。传统手术治疗创伤大,脊柱需长节段内固定,常由于患者骨质疏松,易出现固定不牢,患者往往难以耐受。PKP的出现,为这类患者提供了一种更为有效的微创治疗方法,已成为目前治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折最常用的术式[12-13]。PKP通过对后凸的椎体进行球囊扩张和灌注骨水泥,能快速有效地缓解疼痛和稳定脊柱,可以使椎体压缩骨折部分恢复,减轻其腰背部后凸畸形,已广泛应用于椎体溶骨性恶性肿瘤和骨质疏松性骨折等所致的疼痛[14-15]。如何利用现有PKP技术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折获得更好的效果及安全性,已成为国内外学者反复思考的问题[16-17]。

采用双侧椎弓根入路PKP治疗是PKP经典的操作方法,而近年来不少学者提出单侧椎弓根入路PKP也能达到双侧椎弓根入路PKP相同的临床效果[18-19]。其理论依据是PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的止痛作用在于伤椎体经骨水泥强化后椎体稳定性恢复,椎体强度和刚度恢复是疼痛缓解的决定因素,而与手术的穿刺入路和骨水泥灌注量无明显的相关性[20-21]。常规PKP手术采用双侧穿刺双球囊扩张,可保证骨水泥对称分布,避免术后出现伤椎两侧不对称,但存在手术时间较长、术者和患者长时间接触X线、球囊使用次数有限、患者经济负担较重等缺点[22-24]。

Steinmann等[25]发现,单侧椎弓根入路PKP与双侧椎弓根入路手术效果及力学性能无显著差异,这为单侧穿刺治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折提供了相关生物力学的理论依据。杨建平等[26]研究发现,单球囊单双侧扩张PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折均能有效缓解疼痛,在恢复伤椎高度和纠正脊柱畸形方面的疗效基本相当,并发症少。本研究结果发现,单侧组患者的手术时间、出血量和骨水泥灌注量均明显少于双侧组;术后1个月,两组患者椎体压缩率、Cobb's角和VAS评分改善幅度及并发症的发生率比较差异无统计学意义。表明单侧与双侧椎弓根入路PKP均是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折安全有效的微创方法,两者在缓解腰背部疼痛、恢复椎体高度及Cobb's角上的疗效相当,前者的手术创伤小、手术时间短、出血量少和骨水泥灌注量相对较少,不增加术后并发症的发生率。

[参考文献]

[1] 刘楠,陈亚平,周谋望.骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的生物力学研究进展[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2009,15(8):618-622.

[2] Ryu KS,Huh HY,Jun SC,et al. Single-balloon kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures:far-lateral extrapedicular approach [J]. J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2009,45(2):122-126.

[3] 王洪,易小波,陈晓东,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折375例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2012,27(7):589-591.

[4] Song BK,Eun JP,Oh YM. Clinical and radiological comparison of unipedicular versus bipedicular balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures [J]. Osteoporos Int,2009,20(10):1717-1723.

[5] 孙钢,金鹏,郝润松,等.双球囊与单球囊椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折的临床对照研究[J].中华医学杂志,2008,88(3):149-152.

[6] 陈爽,黄载国,刘沂.单侧经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折[J].中国临床研究,2012,25(4):316-318.

[7] 刘波,陈囯城,邓立平,等.单侧及双侧经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的对比研究[J].中国医药科学,2013,3(14):185-186,194.

[8] 王强,王英民,孙常太.经皮球囊扩张后凸成形术治疗老年椎体压缩骨折的随访研究[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2012, 20(6):502-504.

[9] 高万露,汪小海.患者疼痛评分法的术前选择及术后疼痛评估的效果分析[J].实用医学杂志,2013,29(23):3892-3894.

[10] 赵刚,胡侦明,劳汉昌,等.昆明地区部分老年人群骨质疏松性骨折发病率初步调查和分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2007,13(4):257-259.

[11] Lee YK,Jang S,Jang S,et al. Mortality after vertebral fracture in Korea: analysis of the National Claim Registry [J]. Osteoporos Int,2012,23(7):1859-1865.

[12] Kasperk C,Grafe IA,Schmitt S,et al. Three year outcomes after kyphoplasty in patients with osteoporosis with painful vertebral fracture [J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol,2010,24(5):701-709.

[13] Zoarski GH,Snow P,Olan WJ,et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic compression fractures;quantitative prospective evaluation of long- term outcomes [J]. Vasc Interv Radiol,2002,13(2):139-148.

[14] 方心俞,林建平,叶君健.椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折的临床相关研究[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2013,28(1):22-24.

[15] Tanigawa N,Kariya S,Komemushi A,et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic compression fractures:long-term evaluation of the technical and clinical outcomes [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2011,196(6):1415-1418

[16] 朱耀辉,崔快.经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折[J].中医正骨,2013,25(6):40-41.

[17] 陈亮,杨慧林,唐天驷.后凸成形术治疗多椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折的疗效分析[J].中华骨科杂志,2009,29(4):310-314.

[18] Knavel EM,Rad AE,Thienlen KR,et al. Clinical Outcomes with hemivertebral filling during percutancous vertebroplasty [J]. AJNR Am J Neororadiol,2009,30(3):496-499.

[19] 胡阿威,夏成焱,周敏,等.单侧与双侧经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效比较[J].临床骨科杂志,2013,16(2):125-128.

[20] 曾勇,陈伶,马红兵,等.经皮脊柱后凸成形单侧穿刺手术入路的探讨[J].现代临床医学,2007,33(4):269-271.

[21] 朱爱祥,朱裕成,郑红兵,等.单侧与双侧经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折疗效比较[J].临床骨科杂志,2010,13(2):132-134.

[22] 许文生,陈跃坤,林委,等.经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的效果[J].中国当代医药,2013,20(33):185-186.

[23] 陈亮,杨惠林,唐天驷.单侧与双侧椎体后凸成形术治疗多椎体骨质疏松性压缩性骨折疗效分析[J].中华外科杂志,2009,21(15):1642-1646.

[24] 徐保生,魏双胜,杨鹏,等.经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床效果观察[J].中国当代医药,2014,21(31):182-184.

[25] Steinmann J,Tingey CT,Cruz G,et al. Biomechanical comparison of unipedicular versus bipedicular kyphoplasty [J]. Spine,2005,30(2):201-205.

[26] 杨建平,谢国华,薛峰.单球囊单、双侧扩张经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的比较[J].中医正骨,2014,26(3):21-24,29.

(收稿日期:2014-10-15 本文编辑:程 铭)