胸膜孤立性纤维瘤的CT表现及病理学表现

2015-02-21 06:05王天科
中国全科医学 2015年6期
关键词:梭形病理学胸膜

王天科,潘 庆,沈 威



·临床诊疗提示·

胸膜孤立性纤维瘤的CT表现及病理学表现

王天科,潘 庆,沈 威

目的 探讨胸膜孤立性纤维瘤(PSFT)的CT表现及病理学表现,提高诊断水平。方法 选取2011年1月—2013年12月温州医科大学附属慈溪医院和浙江省立同德医院手术及病理学确诊的PSFT 患者12例,回顾性分析患者的CT及病理学资料。结果 12例患者胸部CT均表现为胸腔内单发的软组织肿块,最大直径3.5~22.6 cm。CT平扫肿瘤呈等或略低密度,8例病灶密度不均匀,4例病灶密度较均匀;增强扫描3例病灶较均匀中等强化,其余9例病灶强化不均匀。7例巨大者轻微、中度强化和显著强化同时存在;8例病灶内见血管明显强化。10例病灶边缘见胸膜尾征。病理显示肿瘤大体呈圆形或卵圆形,与周围组织分界清楚,切面质中偏韧;镜下瘤组织主要由梭形、卵圆形、圆形细胞构成,细胞胞质多少不等;间质内见较多薄壁血管,富于胶原纤维;3例细胞丰富,异型性明显,可见核分裂象。免疫组化12例均表现为CD34、Bcl-2、Vimentin阳性,2例CD99、CK、EMA阳性,12例HMB45、S-100均阴性。结论 PSFT是一种少见的软组织肿瘤,富含梭形细胞和胶原纤维,病理形态多样,CD34多阳性表达;PSFT的CT表现有一定特征,对其诊断具有较大价值。

孤立性纤维瘤,胸膜;体层摄影术;病理学

王天科,潘庆,沈威.胸膜孤立性纤维瘤的CT表现及病理学表现[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(6):673-676.[www.chinagp.net]

Wang TK,Pan Q,Shen W.CT performance and pathological findings of pleural solitary fibrous tumor[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(6):673-676.

胸膜孤立性纤维瘤(pleural solitary fibrous tumor,PSFT)是一种起源于胸膜树突间质细胞的间叶性少见软组织肿瘤,生物学行为界定为中间型;无特殊临床症状,容易误诊[1-3]。在PSFT中,12%~23%的患者在生物学上呈恶性经过,表现为局部复发、胸腔内播散及远处转移,预后不良。因此,及早明确诊断PSFT对指导临床治疗有重要意义。笔者收集12例经手术和病理学证实的PSFT患者的CT及病理学资料进行回顾性分析,探讨其CT表现及相关病理学基础,以提高临床医生对该病的认识和诊断水平。

1 资料与方法

1.1 临床资料 选取2011年1月—2013年12月温州医科大学附属慈溪医院和浙江省立同德医院手术及病理学确诊的PSFT患者12例为研究对象,其中男7例,女5例;年龄21~75岁,平均45岁。9例伴有咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷气促、胸痛等临床症状,病程2周~3年;3例无明显症状,因体检发现。12例均在CT检查后1个月内经手术及病理学证实。

1.2 CT检查方法 12例均行CT平扫及增强扫描检查。采用GE公司 Light speed 16/64排螺旋CT 机,管电压120 kV,管电流300 mA,层厚及层距均为5 mm。扫描范围包括胸廓上口至膈下10 cm。对比剂选用碘帕醇(370 mgI/ml),总量按1.5 ml/kg体质量计算,以高压注射器经肘静脉注射,注射流率2.2 ml/s。注射对比剂后55 s开始增强扫描。

1.3 病理诊断标准 应用2013年版世界卫生组织(WHO)软组织肿瘤组织学分类标准[4]。均经2名以上高年资病理科医师确诊。免疫组化判断标准:根据阳性细胞分布、阳性细胞数量和染色强度综合判断。镜下>25%的细胞出现胞膜、胞质棕黄色染色定义为阳性。肿瘤标本均采用10%中性甲醛溶液固定、系列乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋、4 μm切片、HE染色,光镜观察。使用PV9000二步法进行免疫组化染色,免疫标志物为CD34、Bcl-2、Vimentin、CD99、EMA、HMB45、S-100、Ki67、SMA、CK(AE1/AE3),所有单克隆抗体及免疫组化检测试剂盒均购于北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司。

2 结果

2.1 CT结果

2.1.1 病灶部位、数目、形态、大小 12例均表现为胸腔内单发较大肿块,位于左侧胸腔7例,右侧胸腔5例。最大直径3.5~22.6 cm,平均11.9 cm。7例最大直径≥5.0 cm,形态不规则,边缘稍呈分叶状,与胸壁或纵隔以宽基底相邻;5例最大直径<5.0 cm,呈类圆形(见图1~5)。

2.1.2 CT平扫 12例肿瘤呈等或略低密度,CT值34.1~49.3 Hu,平均43.5 Hu。8例病灶内部密度不均匀,见两种实质密度区混杂分布(见图1),其中2例内见更低密度区;4例密度较均匀(见图4)。12例病灶内部均未见明显钙化。

2.1.3 CT增强扫描检查 3例病灶呈较均匀中等强化,其余9例病灶强化不均匀且程度变化较大,从轻微强化、中等强化到显著强化,内部见斑片状、条状及结节状强化明显区域,呈较杂乱分布;其中7例病灶的不同区域见轻微、中等、显著强化同时存在,以轻微、中等强化为主;3例病灶内部见不规则的无强化坏死、囊变区,但体积较小,与巨大瘤体不呈比例。8例病灶内见显著强化血管影,粗细不均匀而分布较杂乱(见图3、5)。

2.1.4 瘤-肺界面、胸膜改变等继发征象 12例瘤-肺界面均较光整,边缘未见明显毛刺,与胸壁或纵隔间夹角为钝角,10例见胸膜局限掀起,呈胸膜尾征(见图1~5)。肿瘤周围肺组织有不同程度受压,但肺内未见异常。3例纵隔、心包局部受侵而局部分界欠清,其余边界均较清晰。4例见同侧胸腔少量积液,12例邻近肋骨均未见压迫及骨质增生或破坏征象,纵隔未见肿大淋巴结。

2.2 病理结果 大体观察呈类圆形或局部分叶状,轮廓较光整,切面呈灰红色或灰白色,质地较韧;周边见纤维包膜,厚1~3 mm,8例包膜完整,4例包膜局部中断。4例巨大肿块内见灶性坏死、囊变及少量出血。镜下见梭形肿瘤细胞排列呈编织状,较致密,细胞核呈长梭形,少数见核仁,并见核分裂象。间质见大量致密胶原纤维沉积,部分区域间质黏液样变性,部分形成血管外皮瘤样结构(见图6)。免疫组化:12例均表现为CD34、Bcl-2、Vimentin阳性(见图7~9),2例CD99、CK、EMA阳性,12例HMB45、S-100均阴性。12例最终均确诊为PSFT。

3 讨论

3.1 PSFT的临床与病理学特征 PSFT发生率低于胸膜肿瘤的5%[1-2],为临床少见肿瘤。该病好发于40~60岁人群,女性稍高于男性,与石棉接触无关[3]。因为生长较缓慢,多数患者临床症状不明显,当肿瘤较大时可出现压迫症状。有文献报道部分患者可伴有副肿瘤综合征[1,5],如肥大性骨关节病、 严重的症状性低血糖等。本组12例患者临床表现均无特异性,主要表现为肿瘤产生的压迫症状,未出现副肿瘤综合征,可能与病例数较少有关。手术切除是PSFT治疗的首选方法,多数患者预后良好,术后存活率高,部分可复发,少数可发生转移[2-3,5]。

PSFT是一种起源于胸膜树突间质细胞的间叶性梭形细胞肿瘤,多数来源于脏层胸膜[1,5-6],其生物学行为介定为中间型。大体一般表现为孤立性软组织肿块,切面呈灰白或黄白色,周边见较完整的包膜。肿瘤巨大时可出现坏死、囊变和黏液样变性。镜下主要由胶原纤维及不同程度增生的梭形、胖梭形、圆形细胞组成,梭形细胞呈多样排列,缺少特征性的排列图像,即无结构样;肿瘤细胞疏密相间分布,细胞稀疏区可见致密胶原纤维及黏液样变性区[4],肿瘤间质内富含血管外皮瘤样分枝状血管[5-7]。绝大多数PSFT均表达CD34,免疫组化CD34、Bcl-2表达阳性对于诊断PSFT具有较高的价值,其与间皮瘤及其他软组织肿瘤的鉴别主要依靠免疫组化[4-7]。

3.2 CT表现及病理学基础 PSFT 在CT上表现为胸腔或肺内孤立性结节或肿块,瘤体大小差异很大,较小者形态规则,呈圆形或梭形,较大者形态多不规则[2-4,6-7]。本组7例较巨大,形态不规则而周边稍呈分叶状,5例较小者呈类圆形。病灶常累及胸壁或纵隔,但与其夹角多呈钝角而呈现胸膜尾征。本组10例见胸膜掀起及胸膜尾征,提示肿瘤来源于胸膜;9例瘤-肺界面均较光整,未见明显毛刺征,与肺癌的浸润性生长不同。此外病理学显示肿瘤均有较完整包膜,对周围肺组织无浸润,与影像学表现相一致。

由于PSFT富含梭形细胞及胶原纤维,CT平扫肿瘤一般与肌肉呈等或略高密度[5]。本组4例呈等密度,5例呈略低密度,与文献报道略有不符,考虑与病灶体积较大,内部发生黏液样变性有关,且于术后病理也得到证实。本组8例瘤体内部可见两种不同密度的实体部分,与病理结果对照,肿瘤细胞与胶原纤维不同比例混合构成细胞稀疏、密集区是其内部密度不均的主要病理基础,仅2例内部发现坏死区,但范围较小,与巨大的瘤体不呈比例。文献报道部分PSFT可发生斑点状或小斑片状钙化,常发生在较大的肿瘤,可能与肿瘤坏死有关[3,6]。

图1 CT平扫示左侧胸腔巨大肿块,边界较清,内部密度欠均匀,见两种不同密度的实质部分;并见胸膜尾征(箭头)

Figure 1 CT plain scan showed huge mass in left pleural cavity with clear boundary,and the density inside the mass was inhomogeneous,with two kinds of parenchyma of different density,and pleural indenlation sign could be seen(arrow)

图2 CT增强扫描示病灶轻度不均匀强化,内部见小斑片不规则无强化坏死、囊变区,与巨大瘤体不呈比例(箭头),后缘斑片压迫肺不张

Figure 2 Enhanced CT showed the tumor with mild inhomogeneous enhancement,and spotted irregular necrosis and cystic degeneration could be seen,which were disproportionate to the huge mass(arrow),and atelectasis was caused due to the posterior oppression

图3 CT增强扫描示左侧上纵隔旁不规则肿块,与纵隔宽基底相邻,强化不均匀,并见明显强化肿瘤血管(箭头),肿瘤内部较密实

Figure 3 Enhanced CT showed irregular mass next to left upper mediastinum,adjoining the wide base of mediastinum,and the enhancement was inhomogeneous and tumor vessels with obvious enhancement could be seen(arrow),and the tumor was dense inside

图4 CT平扫示左侧上纵隔旁类圆形等密度肿块,内部密度均匀,边缘见胸膜尾征(箭头)

Figure 4 CT plain scan showed oval mass with equal density next to left upper mediastinum,and the mass was dense and homogeneous inside,and pleural indenlation sign could be seen at the margin(arrow)

图5 CT增强扫描示右侧下胸腔不规则巨大肿块,不均匀强化,见斑片状明显强化及轻度强化区,另见明显强化肿瘤血管(短箭头),未见明显坏死、囊变,边缘见胸膜尾征(长箭头)

Figure 5 Enhanced CT showed irregular huge mass in right lower pleural cavity with inhomogeneous enhancement,and obvious spotted enhancement and mild enhancement could be seen,and tumor vessels with obvious enhancement could be seen(short arrow),but no necrosis and cystic degeneration was seen,and pleural indenlation sign could be seen at the margin(long arrow)

图6 病理见肿瘤细胞呈梭形、胖梭形、圆形、类圆形,富于胶原纤维(HE染色,×200)

Figure 6 Pathology showed the tumor cells were shaped like spindle,fat spindle,round or oval,and were rich in collagen fiber

图7 肿瘤细胞胞质CD34阳性(免疫组化染色,×200)

Figure 7 CD34in cytoplasm of tumor cell was positive

图8 肿瘤细胞胞质Bcl-2阳性(免疫组化染色,×200)

Figure 8 Bcl-2 in cytoplasm of tumor cell was positive

图9 肿瘤细胞胞质Vimentin阳性(免疫组化染色,×200)

PSFT的组织成分较复杂,强化程度和强化方式也变化较大[2,5-6]。较小的肿瘤多表现为轻至中度或明显均匀强化,巨大肿瘤可出现特征性的“地图样”强化,与梭形细胞无结构样分布于增生的胶原纤维及血管之间有关。同一肿瘤内可见不同强化程度的实质部分,与肿瘤内部细胞密集度、致密胶原纤维和肿瘤血管的比例有关[6-7],强化相对明显区域肿瘤细胞排列密集,血管较丰富;而强化较弱部分与肿瘤细胞分布稀疏,致密胶原纤维较丰富。同时由于肿瘤内可形成如“血管外皮瘤样”分支状血管结构[8],因而CT增强扫描可见明显强化的肿瘤血管,本组8例即是如此。

综上所述,PSFT主要由不同程度增生的梭形细胞及胶原纤维组成,梭形细胞呈多样排列而缺少特征性;肿瘤细胞疏密相间分布,细胞密集区主要为无异型性的梭形细胞及较丰富的血管结构,细胞稀疏区可见致密胶原纤维及黏液样变性区;CT一般表现为胸腔或肺内较大的孤立肿块,平扫边界较清楚而边缘较光整,内部较密实,常见两种不同密度的实质成分,增强多呈轻至中度强化,部分肿瘤内见增粗杂乱明显强化的肿瘤血管,多数可见胸膜尾征;特征性的CT表现对其诊断有较大价值,但其最终诊断仍需病理金标准证实,故对于胸膜占位包括PSFT患者应积极获取病理学依据[9-10],明确诊断,为临床治疗取得最好疗效提供科学依据。

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(本文编辑:陈素芳)

CT Performance and Pathological Findings of Pleural Solitary Fibrous Tumor

WANGTian-ke,PANQing,SHENWei.

DepartmentofPathology,AffiliatedCixiHospitalofWenzhouMedicalUniversity,Ningbo315300,China

Objective To explore the CT performance and pathological findings of pleural solitary fibrous tumor(PSFT) in order to improve diagnostic level.Methods Twelve patients who were given surgery and pathologically confirmed as PSFT in the Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province from January 2011 to December 2013 were selected.The CT performance and pathological data of the patients were analyzed retrospectively.Results All the 12 cases demonstrated pleural solitary soft tissue mass,with the largest diameter being 3.5 to 22.6 cm.CT plain scan showed equidensity or slightly low density,and 4 cases had homogeneous density while 8 cases did not.Enhancement scan showed that 3 cases had homogeneous and moderate enhancement,and the other 9 cases had inhomogeneous enhancement.Seven cases with large mass had mild,moderate and significant enhancement at the same time;8 cases had obvious enhancement of vessels inside the tumor.Ten cases had pleural indenlation sign at the edge of tumor.Pathology showed that the tumor was generally round or oval and had well-defined margin with surrounding tissues,and the section was with moderate tenacity;the tumor was made up of spindle cells,oval cells and round cells under the microscope with different amount of cytoplasm;many thin-walled vessels and collagen fibers could be seen in the tumor stroma;3 cases was hypercellular with obvious atypia,with mitosis being seen.Immunohistochemistry showed that 12 cases had positive CD34,Bcl-2 and Vimentin,2 cases had positive CD99,CK and EMA,and 12 cases had negative HMB45 and S-100.Conclusion PSFT is a kind of rare tumor of soft tissue,which is rich in spindle cells and collagen fiber.The pathological feature of PSFT varies,with CD34mostly positively expressed.CT performance of PSFT has its own characteristics,which is of great significance for its diagnosis.

Solitary fibrous tumor,pleural;Tomography;Pathology

315300 浙江省宁波市,温州医科大学附属慈溪医院病理科(王天科),放射科(沈威);浙江省立同德医院病理科(潘庆)

王天科,315300 浙江省宁波市,温州医科大学附属慈溪医院病理科;E-mail:wtk.0933@163.com

R 734.3

B

10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.06.015

2014-08-27;

2014-12-26)

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