The Land Use Change in the Scenic Area：A Case Study of Huangguoshu

Xiaozhu CHEN

School of Information，Guizhou University of Finance and Economics，Guiyang 550003，China

1 Introduction

Land，as a spatial carrier of ecological civilization construction，is the basis of sustainable development［1］．The changes in land use structure will cause changes in the corresponding structure and function of resources and environment，and the construction of ecological civilization emphasizes the basic role of carrying capacity of resources and environment．Therefore，understanding the regional land use change and its ecological carrying capacity is of important academic and practical significance．As a world-famous tourist attraction，Huangguoshu national key scenic spot is a locomotive for the development of Guizhou's tourism industry，and its ecological civilization construction is of great significance to the province and even the country．Therefore，this paper combines the land use change with ecological carrying capacity to explore the characteristics and causes of land use change and ecological carrying capacity in Huangguoshu in recent years，as well as the relationship between land use and ecological carrying capacity，in order to provide a reference for the land use planning and ecological civilization construction in the scenic area．

2 Overview of the study area and data sources

2．1 OverviewHuangguoshu scenic area（105°35′50″－105°41′25″E，25°53′45″－26°31′50″N）is located between Zhenning County and Guanling County in Anshun City，Guizhou Province，and in the upper reaches of Dabang River which rises in Tamu Mountain of northeastern Anshun and flows southward to join the Beipan River just south of Fujiazhai in Guanling Buyei and Miao Autonomous County．It administers two towns（Huangguoshu Town and Baishui Town），one neighborhood committee and 36 villages．There is a total population of 40728，and ethnic minorities account for 84%of the population．In 2011，the region achieved GDP of 671．14 million yuan，an increase of 16%．The output value of primary industry was 47 million yuan，an increase of 2．3%；the output value of secondary industry was 82．44 million yuan，an increase of20．6%；the output value of tertiary industry was541．7 million yuan，an increase of 16．7%．The proportion of three industries was 7%，12．29%and 80．71%，respectively．The region's main income comes from the tertiary industry related to Huangguoshu scenic spot．

2．2 Data sourcesBased on the land statistics in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012，in order to facilitate the analysis of land ecological carrying capacity，we divide the current land into seven types（arable land，garden plot，woodland，grassland，construction land，waters and other land types）．

3 Research methods

3．1 Dynamic degree of land useThe dynamic degree model of land use is model to study the change in the number of land resources［2］．It can quantitatively describe the rate of change of regional land use，and identify hot spots of land use change in different spaces，thereby playing a positive role in comparing regional differences in land use change．Using this model，we can perform a comparative analysis on the rate of change in various land use types within Huangguoshu scenic area．The expression is as follows：

where S is the dynamic degree of a particular type of land use in the study period；Uaand Ubare the amount of a land use type at the beginning and end of study，respectively；T is the length of study period，and when T is year，S value is the annual rate of change in a certain type of land use in this study area．

3．2 Spatial change of land useUrban land use system is a complex open system［3］，whose change is mainly determined by regional economic，technological，social，and political change，and it is the landscape change in terms of space［4］．The landscape features of regional land use with the city as the center can be expressed by information entropy［5］．According to information theory，the information entropy of the land use structure is defined in accordance with Shannon entropy formula［6］：

where Piis the proportion of area of land use type i to total land area in this region；H is the information entropy．If the information entropy value is low，it indicates that the orderliness of regional land use system is relatively high，which is conducive to human production and life．

I＝1－J

where J is balance degree；N，the ratio of actual entropy value to maximum entropy value，is the type of land function，indicating the balance degree of land use structure；I is the dominance，which reflects the degree of one or several land use types dominating the regional land type in the study area．

3．3 Land ecological carrying capacityThe land ecological carrying capacity refers to the total biological and productive land provided by one region for human，and reflects regional capacity to meet human needs．It is calculated as follows：

where EC is the ecological carrying capacity；ajis the area of a certain type of land；Yjis the yield factor of a certain type of land；rjis the balance factor．Based on the report Our Common Future proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development，12%of biodiversity conservation area shall be deducted in the calculation of the ecological carrying capacity．

4 Results and analysis

4．1 Analysis of land use changeBy calculation，we get the dynamic land use change in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012（Table 1）．It is found that the area of arable land in Huangguoshu first increased but then decreased in four years，a total increase of 32．81 ha；construction land always showed a growing trend；the annual rate of change of waters is lowest，and it is a relatively stable land use type，a total reduction of0．18 ha in four years；the area of garden plot and woodland showed an overall decline，decreasing by 2．99 ha and 21．54 ha，respectively；grassland is the land use type reduced most in four years，a total reduction of 43．86 ha，but the dynamic land use change is less than 2%due to its large absolute amount．Overall，as to the land use change in Huangguoshu during2009－2012，the area of arable land，construction land and other land use types increased；the area of garden plot，woodland and grassland decreased；the area of waters was stable；the absolute reduction amount of grassland area was largest while the absolute increasing amount of construction land is largest．

Table 1 The dynamic land use change in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012

4．2 Analysis of spatial change of land useUsing the entropy formula，we can measure the land use structure information entropy，balance degree and dominance in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012．As can be seen from Table2，the information entropy in Huangguoshu scenic area showed a wavy change in the four years．During 2009－2010，H value and J value of Huangguoshu rose steadily，while I value decreased，indicating that there was no significant change in the land use structure during this period．The proportion of various types of land tended to be balanced；during 2010－2011，H value decreased，while I value increased，because with the tourism economic development and accelerated urbanization in this area，the construction land increased rapidly but the unused land decreased，causing a change in the land use structure．During 2011－2012，as the land use structure in Huangguoshu scenic area was gradually optimized and coordinated，H value and J value rose but I value decreased．

Table 2 The change in information entropy，balance degree and dominance in the Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012

4．3 Balance factor and yield factorIn the calculation of the ecological carrying capacity，balance factor and yield factor are two key factors that affect the calculation results．Thus，according to the actual situation of Huangguoshu scenic area，based on the study results of CaiHaisheng et al．，we take the values of balance factor［7］．In the calculation of the ecological carrying capacity，garden plot as a productive land type is added，and its balance factor value is1．10，consistent with that of woodland．The ecological productivity in Huangguoshu scenic area can not be measured，so according to the actual situation of Huangguoshu and China's ecological footprint value calculated by Wackernagel et al．［8］，we determine the yield factor for different land types．Similar to balance factor，the yield factor value of garden plot is the same as that of woodland．The results are shown in Table 2．

Table 2 The balance factor and yield factor values for various types of land in Huangguoshu scenic area

4．3 Analysis of the change in land ecological carrying capacityUsing the above formula of land ecological carrying capacity，combined with the land use change data，we calculate the amount of change and the rate of change in land ecological carrying capacity in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012（Table 3）．As can be seen from the table，during 2009－2012，the overall land ecological carrying capacity showed an overall upward trend，an increase of1．07 percentage points．The main reason for the increase of overall ecological carrying capacity mainly lies in the increase of arable land and construction land．The amount of change in ecological carrying capacity was basically the same for the two land types，but the area of arable land and the amount of change in its ecological carrying capacity showed fluctuations，and the values were negative during 2011－2012．The ecological carrying capacity of garden plot and grassland showed a declining trend，down 2．99 and 4．17 in four years，respectively；there were great fluctuations in the ecological carrying capacity of woodland，down 21．56 in four years；there was little change in the total ecological carrying capacity of waters in four years．Through the analysis of change in land use and land ecological carrying capacity in Huangguoshu scenic area in recent years，it can be found that the land use change in the scenic area has caused the change in the corresponding land use structure，thereby changing the land ecological carrying capacity，showing an overall increasing trend．On the one hand，the agricultural structure is adjusted in the scenic area；on the other hand，the expansion of construction land in the scenic area needs to occupy woodland and grassland，and construction land is similar to arable land，with a large factor amount，so it causes the corresponding ecological carrying capacity to rise．

Table 3 The change in land ecological carrying capacity in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012

5 Conclusions and recommendations

5．1 ConclusionsBased on information entropy theory and ecological footprint theory，we analyze the changes in land use and land ecological carrying capacity in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012．The results show that the area of arable land and construction land was relatively increased while the area of grassland and woodland was relatively reduced in Huangguoshu scenic area during 2009－2012，and the information entropy showed a wavy change．It indicates that the land use in the study area poses increasing pressure on the ecological environment，and there is a need to strengthen ecological protection and achieve the coordinated development of land use and ecological environment construction．

5．2 Recommendations

5．2．1 Protecting the existing forest cover，banning logging in the existing forest and protecting the forest ecology in the river basin．It is necessary to return farmland to forest，and strictly prohibit deforestation，especially for the land with slope≥25°．It is also necessary to focus on the control over the land along river with poor ecology and serious soil erosion，and various water conservation places；enhance afforestation to form a green network；linking afforestation with forest farmers' benefits to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers；strengthen the technical management，so that the shelter belts along the river develop towards the direction of high technology and intensive management；increase the greening of tourist trunk roads along the river and main roads in scenic area to form the green corridor linking various scenic areas．

5．2．2 Coordinating the scenic area planning and new rural construction planning and developing eco-tourism to promote ecological construction．Huangguoshu scenic area includes a total of six scenic resorts（Great Waterfall Area；Tianxingqiao Scenic Area；

Shitouzhai Scenic Area；Langgong Scenic Area；Dishuitan Scenic Area；Balinghe Scenic Area），and the last four are the untapped resorts．In the development of plan for these four resorts，it is necessary to be based on protection and rational use of landscape resources and consider the rural residential construction and development in the scenic area，to reflect the harmony between man and nature．Meanwhile，in the building plan of rural residential areas in the scenic area，it is necessary to make clear target on the population size and land use in the rural settlements in accordance with the requirements of resource protection and ecological capacity in the scenic area，which can not only reserve space for rural construction and development，but also avoid scenic area loss caused by land expansion．

［1］DUAN RJ，HAO JM，ZHANG JX．Land utilization and changes on ecoservice value in different locations in Beijing［J］．Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering，2006，22（9）：21－28．（in Chinese）．

［2］WANG L，YANG J，HU YM，et al．Quantitatively study on landuse ecosystem service value in Guangzhou City［J］．Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation，2009（4）：229－234．（in Chinese）．

［3］TAN YZ，WU CF．The laws of the information entropy values of land use composition［J］．Journal of Natural Resources，2001，18（1）∶112－117．（in Chinese）．

［4］TIANGJ，ZHANG ZX．Dynamic change of land use structure in Haikou by remote sensing and GIS［J］．Journal of Natural Resources，2001，16（6）∶543－546．（in Chinese）．

［5］LIANG ZP，ZHOU X．Land on dynamic change analysis and prediction on Guigang City，Guangxi［J］．Resource Development＆Market，2007，23（9）：795－798．（in Chinese）．

［6］QIU DC．Land resource science［M］．Chongqing：Southwest China Normal University Press，2005．（in Chinese）．

［7］CAIHS，ZHU HD，ZHANG XL，et al．Dynamics analysis of the ecological capacity in Po－yang Lake Nature Reserve based on RSand GIS［J］．Acta Ecologica Sinica，2007，27（11）：4751－4757．（in Chinese）．

［8］Wackernagel M，Onisto L，Bello P，et al．National natural capital accounting with ecological footprints concept［J］．Ecological Economics，1999（29）：375－390．