刘潇衍,李峻岭
小细胞肺癌 (small cell lung cancer,SCLC)占肺癌总数的10%~15%,属于支气管肺神经内分泌癌,其发病与吸烟密切相关[1]。SCLC倍增时间短,增殖指数高,早期易发生转移,未接受治疗的患者常在2~4个月内死亡,尽管初治患者对化疗较敏感,但很容易产生耐药性和复发,且对二线化疗药物相对不敏感,预后较差。确诊时30%~40%的患者处于局限期,60%~70%的患者处于广泛期[1]。SCLC的综合治疗涉及化疗、放疗、手术等多种手段,近年来广大学者在抗肿瘤新药、靶向治疗、免疫治疗方面也做了积极的探索,现就SCLC的内科治疗综述如下。
1.1 一线化疗 环磷酰胺是第一个临床研究证实可以在肺癌 (包括SCLC和非小细胞肺癌)患者中带来显著生存获益的细胞毒性药物,后续一系列研究发现:蒽环类药物、长春碱类药物、依托泊苷、替尼泊苷、异环磷酰胺、顺铂、卡铂等细胞毒性药物治疗SCLC有效[2]。在这些细胞毒性药物单药治疗SCLC的临床研究中,鬼臼毒素类 (依托泊苷和替尼泊苷)的有效率较高[3-5]。
随后,McIllmurray等[6]首次报道了多种细胞毒性药物联合治疗SCLC的疗效,该研究入组了103例初治SCLC患者,分为依托泊苷单药组、环磷酰胺/阿霉素/长春新碱 (CAV)方案组,两组患者的完全缓解率(CRR)分别为7%和23%(P<0.05),由于后续治疗中患者交叉入组,两组患者生存期无差异。后续研究报道,CAV方案或环磷酰胺/表阿霉素/长春新碱 (CEV)方案在广泛期SCLC患者中的CRR为14%,总缓解率为57%,中位生存期为26周;在局限期SCLC患者中CRR为41%,总缓解率为75%,中位生存期为52周[7]。鉴于依托泊苷较高的有效率,有研究者尝试(CAVE联合依托泊苷)CAV方案治疗SCLC,但并没有带来明显生存获益,同时明显增加了血液学毒性[8]。因此,直到20世纪80年代中期,CAV仍是SCLC一线诱导化疗的标准方案[8-9]。
鉴于基础研究发现铂类药物治疗SCLC有效,同时发现依托泊苷和铂类药物有协同作用[10],研究者设计了依托泊苷/顺铂 (EP)方案。随后的Ⅲ期临床研究结果显示,在局限期SCLC患者中,EP方案的2年和5年生存率优于CEV方案 (25%比10%,8%比3%);对于广泛期SCLC患者,EP方案同样可以带来生存获益,但生存率与CEV方案比较无差异[11]。后续的一系列研究亦证实了EP方案的有效性[12],于是EP方案越来越广泛地应用于SCLC的一线化疗。
由于EP方案中顺铂的毒副作用,研究者尝试用卡铂代替顺铂。数项临床研究比较了含顺铂或卡铂方案治疗SCLC的有效性,但结果不尽一致。近期发表的COCIS荟萃分析纳入了4项SCLC铂类治疗的随机临床研究,共663例患者,其中卡铂组335例,顺铂组328例,结果显示,两组患者的有效率〔67%比66%;HR=0.98,95%CI(0.84,1.16),P=0.83〕、中位无进展生存期 〔5.5 月比 5.3 月;HR=1.10,95%CI(0.94,1.29),P=0.25〕和中位总生存期 〔9.4 月比9.6 月;HR=1.08,95%CI(0.92,1.27),P=0.37〕均无差异;毒副作用方面,卡铂的血液学毒性更重,而顺铂的非血液学毒性如恶心、呕吐、神经毒性、肾毒性等较重[13]。提示顺铂和卡铂二者的疗效相似,临床医生可以根据患者的年龄、一般状况、伴随疾病及骨髓储备功能等选择合适的药物。
随着新的化疗药物的问世,研究者设计了一系列新的联合化疗方案,探索其治疗SCLC的疗效。来自日本的JCOG9511研究纳入230例初治的广泛期SCLC患者,分为伊立替康/顺铂 (CPT-11/DDP,IP)方案组和EP方案组,结果显示,两组患者的客观缓解率 (ORR)分别为84.4%、67.5%(P=0.02),中位生存期分别为12.8 个月、9.4 个月 (P=0.002)[14]。该研究证明 IP方案作为一线化疗可以给广泛期SCLC患者带来生存获益。但后续来自北美的两项关于IP方案的临床研究却未能证明IP方案优于EP方案,研究者推测这可能与亚洲人群和高加索人群的药物基因组学差异性有关[15-16]。
贝洛替康 (belotecan)是新型的喜树碱类细胞毒性药物,其作用机制主要是抑制拓扑异构酶Ⅰ。在Ⅱ期临床研究中,单药一线化疗治疗SCLC有较好疗效,总缓解率为53.2%,至疾病进展时间为4.6个月,中位生存期达10.4个月[17]。随后的Ⅱ期临床研究发现,贝洛替康联合顺铂取得大于70%的总缓解率和大于10个月的中位生存期[18-19]。
氨柔吡星是人工合成的蒽环类细胞毒性药物,其作用机制是抑制拓扑异构酶Ⅱ,临床前研究发现其活性代谢产物易于在肿瘤细胞内富集[20-22]。一系列Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期临床研究证明其单药或与铂类药物联合治疗SCLC有效[23-25]。
1.2 维持治疗 由于多数SCLC患者在初治有效后很快复发,研究者对其维持治疗进行了一系列探索。研究者先后尝试用拓扑替康、依托泊苷、伊立替康等细胞毒性药物以及贝伐单抗、伊马替尼、坦西莫司等靶向药物做维持治疗,遗憾的是均未取得理想效果。近期一项荟萃分析纳入21项关于SCLC维持治疗的临床研究,入组3 688例患者,结果显示,维持治疗未能显著延长无进展生存期和总生存期[26]。但是近期一项Ⅱ期临床研究发现,舒尼替尼维持治疗可以给患者带来明显的无进展生存期获益[27],具体内容将在SCLC的靶向治疗部分讨论。
1.3 复发/进展后治疗 目前,对于一线化疗后复发或进展的SCLC尚无标准治疗方案。数项临床研究发现,初始治疗的疗效和应答时间是后续治疗效果的预测指标[28-31]。通常认为一线接受含铂方案治疗结束3个月以内复发或进展者提示铂类耐药;3个月内未复发或进展的患者提示铂类敏感,再次使用含铂的联合化疗方案或许能够带来获益[32];6个月以上复发或进展的患者可以再次使用初始治疗方案。在复发的SCLC患者二线化疗中,尽管含铂的联合化疗方案疗效优于单药方案,但联合化疗所产生的毒副作用可能会导致患者在生存期上并无明显获益[33-35]。
一项Ⅲ期临床研究证实,拓扑替康联合最佳支持治疗组总生存期、生活质量及症状的改善均明显优于单用最佳支持治疗组[36]。另一项Ⅲ期临床研究对比了拓扑替康和CAV方案治疗复发的SCLC的疗效,两个方案有效率分别为24.3%和18.3%(P=0.285),中位生存期分别为25.0周和24.7周 (P=0.795),未显示出明显区别[37]。其他证实复发后治疗有效的药物还包括喜树碱类药物、紫杉类药物、氨柔吡星、伊立替康、吉西他滨和长春瑞滨等[38-41]。
随着对肺癌发生、发展和转移过程中分子生物学、分子病理学研究的深入,研究者发现了一系列驱动性基因突变,尤其是在非小细胞肺癌领域,针对突变靶点的特异性靶向药物不断出现,极大地提高了有效率,延长了患者生存期,改善了生活质量。但在SCLC领域的研究却相对滞后,一直未能发现相关的驱动性突变基因。
2.1 抗血管生成治疗 临床研究已经证实,在非小细胞肺癌的治疗中,化疗联合贝伐单抗可以给患者带来生存获益。但是在SCLC的治疗中,抗血管生成治疗药物的疗效仍存在争议。E3501、SALUTE和CALGB 30306研究结果均显示,贝伐单抗一线化疗广泛期SCLC可改善无进展生存期,但不能改善总生存期[42-44];关于贝伐单抗二线化疗广泛期SCLC的一系列临床研究表明,化疗联合贝伐单抗有延长无进展生存期的趋势[45]。一项随机对照临床研究显示,EP方案联合贝伐单抗能够提高有效率 (58%比48%),延长无进展生存期〔5.5月比4.4 月;HR=0.53,95%CI(0.32,0.86)〕,但是中位生存期无差异[43]。迄今,已进行了多项关于贝伐单抗治疗SCLC的临床研究,但结果不尽相同,还有待研究者进一步探索。
也有临床研究将抗血管生成药物如AZD2171、索拉菲尼、沙利度胺、恩度联合化疗作为一线/二线或维持化疗方案治疗SCLC,但均没有带来明显获益[46-49]。
2.2 针对肿瘤干细胞的靶向治疗 2005年Kim等[50]从小鼠非小细胞肺癌模型中分离出气管肺泡干细胞(BASCs),之后陆续有文献报道在肺腺癌、SCLC细胞株中发现干细胞[51-53]。进一步的基础研究发现,多数肿瘤干细胞表面表达CD133抗原[54-56],以此来确定肿瘤组织的干细胞群。Levina等[57]分离H460和A549肺癌细胞系中具有自我更新和分化潜能的干细胞群,进行干细胞选择性培养,发现细胞表面持续表达CD133,同时组织中c-kit和其配体干细胞因子 (SCF)表达明显增高;后分别将肿瘤干细胞分别暴露于SCF抗体和伊马替尼,发现其增殖受到明显抑制;研究者推测:化疗后动员肿瘤干细胞增殖分化,而这种动员效应部分是依赖于SCF/c-kit的过表达,从而激活下游相关的信号传导通路。
随后研究者进行相关的Ⅱ期临床研究。NCT00156286研究探索对于c-kit免疫组化阳性的SCLC患者经过细胞毒性药物化疗后,用伊马替尼作为维持治疗,该研究未能取得预期结果,但是伊马替尼组较对照组有延长无进展生存期和生存期的趋势,而且伊马替尼组中有3例患者的无进展生存期分别为12个月、15个月和25个月[58]。同样NCT00616109研究探索了对于广泛期SCLC患者经过含铂方案化疗后,用舒尼替尼作维持治疗,该研究亦未能达到预期结果;该研究中舒尼替尼的剂量为50 mg,1次/d,连续服用4周,停用2周,每6周为1个周期,患者的Ⅲ/Ⅳ级毒副作用发生率较高,导致患者依从性差[59]。最近公布的一项Ⅱ期临床研究结果显示,在初始化疗后获得缓解或稳定的患者接受索坦37.5 mg维持治疗,较对照组可以明显延长患者的无进展生存期[27]。
2.3 其他靶向治疗 既往针对SCLC靶向治疗的临床研究药物还包括基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂marimastat、抗胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF-1R)的单克隆抗体IMC-A12、多药耐药逆转剂biricodar、法尼基转化酶抑制剂tipifarnib、抗B细胞淋巴瘤因子2(Bcl-2)反义寡核苷酸药物oblimersen、抗CD56单克隆抗体huN901-DM1等,但均未取得阳性研究结果。
近年来,随着对肿瘤相关免疫反应及免疫逃避机制认识的加深,新的免疫治疗药物如程序性死亡分子1及其配体 (PD-1/PD-L1)和CTAL-4抑制剂等不断问世,在黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌等治疗中取得了较好的疗效。一项Ⅱ期临床研究入组了130例初治广泛期SCLC患者,接受卡铂/紫杉醇联合伊匹单抗治疗的患者较对照组延长了中位生存期 (12.9月比9.9月,HR=0.64,P=0.03)[60]。其他还有多项关于 PD-1 抑制剂,PD-1抑制剂联合CTAL-4抑制剂等治疗SCLC的临床研究正在进行中。
随着研究者们对SCLC治疗临床经验的积累和对肿瘤分子生物学认识的加深,SCLC临床治疗日趋规范,但近年来缺乏突破性进展,一线化疗缓解后较短时间内复发,总生存期未见明显延长。SCLC的分子病理机制尚待进一步明确,以期寻找驱动性的基因突变,研发出更加有效的治疗药物。
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