占玲俊,唐 军,秦 川
(中国医学科学院医学实验动物研究所,北京协和医学院比较医学中心,卫生部人类疾病比较医学重点实验室,国家中医药管理局人类疾病动物模型三级实验室,北京 100021)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路在结核感染中的免疫作用
占玲俊,唐 军,秦 川
(中国医学科学院医学实验动物研究所,北京协和医学院比较医学中心,卫生部人类疾病比较医学重点实验室,国家中医药管理局人类疾病动物模型三级实验室,北京 100021)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路在肿瘤和某些感染性疾病中发挥免疫抑制作用,而在结核病中的免疫作用尚不明确。结核菌感染后,免疫细胞上PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路高表达,体外实验显示:用该通路的抗体阻断后保护性T细胞增强,而体内免疫作用不明确。PD-1与配体PD-L1结合后可能发挥免疫抑制作用,其中 PD-L1表达受Th1细胞因子调控;PD-1与配体PD-L2结合后可能发挥免疫保护作用,其中PD-L2表达受Th2型细胞因子调控。利用Cas9-CRISPR基因敲除方法分别敲除特定免疫细胞上PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2,可研究PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2在结核感染中免疫作用及机制,为结核病的防控提供理论依据。
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路 结核感染 免疫作用
结核病是免疫相关的感染性疾病,T细胞、APC (巨噬细胞、DC)等是重要的免疫细胞[1-3]。结核菌进入机体后,首先被巨噬细胞吞噬,当巨噬细胞的杀伤力强于结核菌的毒力时,结核菌被清除,反之,结核菌裂解巨噬细胞产生病变,继而感染其他巨噬细胞,导致感染播散[2]。此外,结核菌还经APC进行抗原加工并提呈给T细胞,刺激免疫应答的产生,通过IFN-+CD4+T细胞和IFN-+CD8+T细胞[1-2]发挥免疫保护作用,通过分泌 IL-17细胞因子的Treg细胞[3]发挥免疫抑制作用,感染的结果取决于保护性免疫和抑制性免疫抗衡的结果。
PD-1通路包括PD-1及两个配体PD-L1和PDL2。PD-1主要表达于CD4+T细胞,PD-L1表达于T细胞和APC(单核/巨噬细胞,DC和B细胞)表面,PD-L2表达于炎性巨噬细胞、DC、B1细胞表面。在病原或某些抗原蛋白诱导下,PD-L1、PD-L2均可表达于T细胞,PD-L1的表达受Th1细胞调控,PD-L2的表达受Th2细胞调控[4]。
在肿瘤、自身免疫病和某些持续性感染病(包括病毒如HIV、HCV等、细菌、寄生虫和真菌感染)中,PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路向T细胞传递抑制性第二信号,导致T细胞“无能”或“耗竭”,从而发病[5]。虽然PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路整体发挥免疫抑制作用,但其中PD-L1和PD-L2可能发挥相反的免疫作用。PD-L1能分别与PD-1和B7-1作用,发挥免疫抑制作用;PD-L2能分别与PD-1和B7-2作用,发挥免疫保护作用[6-7]。
在活动性结核病人中,T细胞、单核/巨噬细胞及B细胞上PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的表达均明显上升,以PD-L1表达升高为主要特点。其中T细胞上以PD-1升高为主;单核巨噬细胞和B细胞以PD-L1为主,PD-1和PD-L2的表达也升高,表达水平接近。
体外实验证明:用PD-1、PD-L1和PD-L2的单抗分别阻断结核病人外周血T细胞上PD-1、单核细胞上 PD-L1/PD-L2、或联合阻断 PD-1和 PD-L1/ PD-L2,均能挽救保护性的IFN-+-CD3+T细胞,并且保护性IFN-分泌增加,提示PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路抑制抗结核的保护性免疫[8-9]。
BCG感染小鼠后,PD-1敲除的C57小鼠脾组织荷菌量比C57野生小鼠明显低,PD-1:PD-L1作用使Th1型细胞免疫受损,提示:敲除PD-1对结核感染产生保护性免疫。而H37Rv感染PD-1敲除的C57小鼠后,肺组织病变比C57野生鼠重,肺、脾组织荷菌量也比野生小鼠高[10],提示:PD-1帮助清除小鼠体内的H37Rv结核菌,但不能确定PD-1是否有免疫抑制作用[11]。
深入分析可知:BCG和H37Rv感染后PD-1通路免疫作用不同,可能与PD-L1、PD-L2的表达差异有关。BCG感染后,PD-L1高表达,而PD-L2表达无明显变化。PD-1:PD-L1使Th1型细胞免疫受损,PD-1敲除后可以拯救Th1型细胞免疫,表现出免疫保护作用,即脾组织荷菌量比野生小鼠低[10]。H37Rv感染后,PD-L1和PD-L2均高表达,PD-1: PD-L1可能发挥免疫抑制作用,而PD-1:PD-L2可能发挥免疫保护作用[11]。
用抗体阻断结核病人外周血淋巴细胞上PD-1: PD-L1/PD-L2通路后,特异性脱颗粒的CD8+T细胞和IFN-+-CD3+T细胞升高,提示结核急性感染中PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路能抑制效应CD8+T细胞功能[12]和IFN-+-CD3+T细胞功能。其中PD-1、PDL1和PD-L2的作用机制各有特点。
(1)结核中PD-L1、PD-L2的免疫作用机制:用PD-L1抗体治疗败血症引起的肝损伤,可逆转因T细胞耗竭而致的肝损伤[13]。在哮喘、气道变态反应疾病中研究发现:PD-L1与PD-1和B7-1结合后,可抑制T细胞增殖。用抗体阻断PD-L1后,IFN-表达上调;单独阻断PD-L1与B7-1结合,对IFN-分泌无明显影响,提示PD-1:PD-L1能抑制NKT细胞产生IFN-。PD-L2主要通过影响CD4+T细胞的增殖及细胞因子或共刺激分子的分泌来发挥免疫作用,PD-L2的作用可以不依赖PD-1[6,14]。Treg或NKT细胞也可参与PD-L2的免疫作用。结核中PD-L1和PD-L2的免疫作用机制可能与上述疾病中类似。
(2)PD-L1可能的作用机制:与潜伏感染相比,活动性结核病人中高表达PD-L1的嗜中性粒细胞显著增加[15],而嗜中性粒细胞在小鼠结核中有病理损伤作用,提示PD-L1可能介导嗜中性粒细胞聚集所致的免疫病理损伤[16]。H37Rv感染人单核细胞后,PD-L1、PD-L2表达都明显增高,PD-L1水平高于PD-L2;用单抗阻断PD-L1后,IFN-+T细胞增殖明显、凋亡减少,提示PD-L1可抑制保护性T细胞增殖、促进其凋亡。
(3)PD-L1和PD-1的免疫抑制作用机制不完全相同:在肿瘤和多种慢性感染中,PD-1:PD-L1作用均被证实能抑制T细胞的保护性免疫[5,13,17],其免疫抑制作用在结核的体外实验中也得到证实[8,18-20]。PD-1表达于活化的T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、DC细胞和单核细胞表面,也表达于“耗竭”的T细胞表面。PD-1通过与PD-L1、PD-L2结合,抑制T细胞的TCR信号,下调免疫激活因子和存活相关的蛋白表达,促进免疫抑制因子IL-10的表达。而表达于APC上的PD-L1是MAPK/细胞因子/STAT-3依赖模式:在STAT-3调控下,TLR-APC高表达IL- 6和IL-10,抑制STAT-3的活化,从而阻断PD-L1的表达[21]。因此,阻断PD-1和PD-L1后免疫反应存在差异。
(4)结核感染中PD-L1、PD-L2的表达和调控:结核病人中Th1(CD4+T细胞)和 Th2(CD8+T细胞)细胞均发挥免疫作用。Th1和Th2细胞在BCG与H37Rv感染的小鼠中表达有差异:BCG感染中期,发挥免疫保护作用的主要是Th1细胞,Th2细胞的免疫保护作用很微弱;而H37Rv感染小鼠后,Th1细胞和Th2细胞均发挥作用。PD-L1和PD-L2的表达分别由Th1和 Th2细胞来调控,在LPS、Th1型细胞因子IFN-刺激下,巨噬细胞上PD-L1的表达调控依赖STAT1,而Th2型细胞因子IL-4刺激炎性巨噬细胞上 PD-L2表达,其表达调控依赖STAT6[7]。BCG感染DC细胞后,PD-L2高表达,其表达依赖于IL-10,通过TLR2-p38 MAPK信号通路来调控[22]。
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2通路与结核感染有很大的相关性,而具体的免疫作用和机制还未深入进行,可以在细胞和动物水平用特异性基因敲除技术研究PD-L1和PD-L2的免疫作用及相关的机制。明确该通路的作用和机制的同时,也为结核的干预提供指导。
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The immune role of PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
ZHAN Ling-jun,TANG Jun,QIN Chuan
(Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine,Ministry of Health;Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Institute of Laboratory Animal Science,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li No.5,Chao Yang District,Beijing 100021,China)
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway played negative immune role in most tumor and several infectious diseases,but the immune role in tuberculosis(TB)was not explicited.Since the high expression of PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway was correlated with MTB infection both in vitro and in vivo,the in vitro negative immune role was indicated by inhibited T cell protective immune function,while the in vivo immune role was not clear.The binding of PD-1 and PD-L1 played an immunosuppression role,the expression of PD-L1 was regulated by Th1-type cytokines.The binding of PD-1 and PD-L2 played protective immune role,and the expression was regulated by Th1-type cytokines.The immune role and mechanism of PD-1,PD-L1 and PD-L2 would be investigated by Cas9-CRISPR technique,which would provide theoretical basis for the tuberculosis prevention and control.
PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway;Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection;Immune role
R-332
A
1671-7856(2015)07-0074-03
10.3969.j.issn.1671.7856.2015.007.016
“十二五-艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大传染病防治”国家科技重大专项子课题(2012ZX10004501)。
占玲俊,博士,副研究员,研究方向:结核病与结核动物模型研究。
秦川,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:chuanqin@vip.sina.com。
2015-06-24