应用ROC曲线评价TR6、P53及增殖指数对膀胱癌的诊断价值

2014-12-20 03:24潘林江等
中国医药导报 2014年33期
关键词:膀胱癌

潘林江等

[摘要] 目的 探讨TR6、P53和肿瘤细胞增殖指数(PI)及其联合检测对膀胱癌的诊断价值。 方法 免疫组织化学法检测224例膀胱癌组织标本(膀胱癌组)和56例正常膀胱组织标本(正常膀胱组)的TR6、P53和Ki-67 PI表达,并应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析3项指标及联合对膀胱癌诊断的临床价值。 结果 TR6(36.2%比10.7%)、P53(41.5%比1.8%)及PI(49.1%比5.4%)在膀胱癌组中的表达均明显高于正常膀胱组(均P < 0.01)。TR6、P53及PI单独检测对膀胱癌诊断的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.627、0.699、0.719,TR6+P53、P53+PI及TR6+P53+PI的AUC均高于单独检测值,分别为0.725、0.766、0.730。三项指标单独诊断膀胱癌的灵敏度分别为0.362、0.415、0.491,联合TR6+P53、P53+PI及TR6+P53+PI的灵敏度均优于单独检测值,其中最高者为三者联合组,灵敏度为0.638。 结论 TR6、P53、肿瘤细胞PI三者联合检测可显著提高膀胱癌诊断的AUC和灵敏度,优于单项检测效果。

[关键词] 受试者工作特征曲线;膀胱癌;TR6;P53;增殖指数

[中图分类号] R737.14 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)11(c)-0007-04

Diagnostic value of TR6, P53 and proliferation index in bladder cancer with ROC curve

PAN Linjiang1 ZHONG Tengfei2 HUANG Suning1 CHEN Gang2

1.Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China; 2.Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of TR6, P53, tumor cell proliferation index (PI) and their combination for bladder cancer. Methods TR6, P53 and Ki-67 PI expression were detected by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 224 cases of bladder cancer tissues (bladder cancer group) and 56 cases of normal bladder tissues (normal bladder group). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was performed to analyze the clinicopathological diagnostic value of the aforementioned 3 biomarkers individually or combinatorially. Results The expression of TR6 (36.2% vs 10.7%), P53 (41.5% vs 1.8%) and PI (49.1% vs 5.4%) in bladder cancer group were significantly higher than those in normal group (all P < 0.01). The areas under the curve (AUC) of TR6, P53 and PI were 0.627, 0.699, 0.719, respectively. Whereas, the AUC of TR6+P53, P53+PI and TR6+P53+PI were 0.725,0.766,0.730, respectively, higher than the individual level of each marker. The single sensitive values of the TR6, P53, PI were 0.362, 0.415, 0.491, respectively. The combination of TR6+P53, P53+PI and TR6+P53+PI offered higher sensitive values than single marker. The highest sensitive value was 0.638, produced by the combination of TR6+P53+PI. Conclusion Combined detection of TR6, P53 and tumor cells PI could noticeably improve the AUC and sensitivity in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, which is superior to individual marker.

[Key words] ROC curve; Bladder cancer; TR6; P53; Proliferation indexendprint

膀胱癌是泌尿生殖系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,早期诊断是提高膀胱癌的生存率、降低病死率的关键。受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)能方便地查出任意界限值对疾病的识别能力,用于选择最佳的诊断界限值或对两种及两种以上不同诊断试验对疾病识别能力的比较[1-4]。肿瘤坏死因子受体6(tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6,TR6)是肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)受体超家族的成员之一,它是一种凋亡抑制蛋白[5-6]。P53蛋白在调节细胞周期和避免细胞癌变发生机制上扮演着重要的角色[7]。Ki-67是一种增殖细胞相关的核抗原,能在除G0期以外的所有细胞周期中表达,其增殖活性用增殖指数(proliferation index,PI)反映[7-8]。本研究检测了224例膀胱癌标本TR6、P53的阳性表达及肿瘤细胞PI,并采用ROC曲线评价三者单项检测及联合检测在膀胱癌中的诊断价值,旨在探索协助早期诊断膀胱癌的靶标。

1 材料与方法

1.1 标本来源

选取广西医科大学第一附属医院2009年1月~2011年10月收治的膀胱癌患者224例(膀胱癌组),其中,尿路上皮癌166例,腺癌42例,鳞癌16例,经尸体解剖收集正常膀胱56例(正常膀胱组),构建组织芯片,均经病理确诊。膀胱癌组中男191例,女33例,年龄27~96岁,平均62岁。正常膀胱组中男46例,女10例,年龄44~96岁,平均62岁。膀胱癌组和正常膀胱组中患者的性别和年龄差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 检测方法

采用免疫组化SuperVision法进行染色。一抗为TR6鼠单克隆抗体(37A565,Santa Cruz,浓度为1∶300),操作步骤按文献[5,9]进行。采用双盲法和双评分半定量积分法评分:观察10个高倍镜视野平均肿瘤细胞染色,其中靶细胞阳性率<25%为0分,25%~<51%为1分,51%~75%为2分,>75%为3分;显色程度按切片中显色有无及深浅记分,无染色0分,浅棕黄色1分,棕黄色2分,棕褐色3分;两分相加,<2分为阴性表达,≥2分为阳性表达,并计算TR6阳性表达率。Ki-67 PI判断标准为随机选择10个400倍视野,计数>1000个细胞,计算Ki-67阳性细胞占总体细胞的比例,即增殖指数PI%,高于中位数为高PI,低于中位数为低PI,计算高PI率,血管内皮阳性细胞则不予计数。P53阳性细胞的计数方法与计数Ki-67阳性细胞的方法相同[5-8],比较P53阳性细胞占总体细胞的比例,高于中位数为高表达,低于者为低表达,计算P53高表达率。

1.3 ROC曲线的基本原理

ROC曲线在临床与流行病学领域应用广泛,可进行诊断正确性的评价及靶标的筛检。常使用曲线下面积(receiver operating characteristic curve,AUC)来反映评价效能,AUC为0.5~1.0,其中,0.5以下说明标志物不具任何诊断价值,诊断效能最佳时AUC为1。一般认为:AUC为0.5~0.7时具有较低诊断价值,>0.7~0.9时具有中等诊断价值,>0.9时具有较高诊断价值[1-3]。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析,对不同检测指标进行比较,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。对单项及联合检测结果做图绘成ROC曲线,并计算AUC、灵敏度、特异度、阴性预测值和阳性预测值。

2 结果

2.1 TR6、P53及Ki-67 PI在不同膀胱组织中的比较

膀胱癌组中TR6阳性表达率为36.2%(81/224),明显高于正常膀胱组的10.7%(6/56),差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。膀胱癌组中P53高表达率(41.5%,93/224)显著高于正常膀胱组(1.8%,1/56),差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。膀胱癌组中高PI率(49.1%,110/224)显著高于于正常膀胱组(5.4%,3/56),差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。

2.2 单项指标检测对膀胱癌诊断的评价

以灵敏度为纵坐标,以误诊率(1-特异度)为横坐标做ROC曲线图,并计算AUC(图1)。TR6、P53和PI的AUC分别为0.627、0.699和0.719(表1)。在单项检测肿瘤标志物对膀胱癌的诊断中,Ki-67 PI的灵敏度为三者中最高,为0.491,其次是P53、TR6,分别为0.415和0.362(表1)。在不同的组织学类型:尿路上皮癌及腺癌中也得到类似结果(表2、3)。鳞癌组因例数过少,未予单独计算。

2.3 联合检测肿瘤标志物对膀胱癌诊断学评价

两指标联合检测可获得较好效果,以P53+PI组合最佳,其曲线下面积远高于单项检测;TR6+P53组合与TR6+PI其次(表2、图1)。TR6+P53+PI 3项联合检测诊断膀胱癌的AUC为0.730,其灵敏度比单独检测有明显提高,达0.638,且有较好的特异度。

3 讨论

膀胱癌是严重威胁人类健康的泌尿系肿瘤之一,尽早诊断有利于采取有效的治疗措施。TR6是肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族的成员,是一种凋亡抑制蛋白,位于染色体20q13.3。TR6的氨基酸序列中缺乏跨膜结构,因此它是一种分泌性蛋白,其在正常组织和血清中不表达或微量表达,而在恶性肿瘤中表达增强。已有临床研究证实,TR6对膀胱癌的诊断有一定参考价值[5-6,10-12]。

P53是迄今发现的与人类恶性肿瘤关系最为密切的基因之一。P53蛋白有多种功能,参与多个细胞周期的调控,主要体现在对细胞周期的阻滞、促进细胞凋亡及DNA修复。大约50%的人体恶性肿瘤组织中都有P53基因突变和蛋白的异常表达,而在人体癌组织中过量P53蛋白的积累通常是由P53基因的错义突变引起[13]。通常用免疫组化方法可以检测到突变的P53蛋白。研究发现P53基因在膀胱癌的发生、发展及预后中具有重要作用,提示P53可作为膀胱癌分子筛检的指标之一[14-15]。endprint

Ki-67是一种增殖细胞相关的核抗原,其功能与有丝分裂密切相关,其增殖活性用PI反映。在细胞周期中,它存在于除G0期以外的所有阶段。Ki-67在细胞周期中的G1期开始表达,在S期和G2期逐渐升高,至M期达到高峰,并在细胞分裂晚期迅速消失,其半衰期短,在脱离细胞周期后能很快降解。Ki-67高表达是细胞增生活跃的重要标志,是一项可靠而迅速地反映恶性肿瘤增殖率的指标。研究发现,Ki-67 PI在膀胱癌中呈现高表达,可作为诊断膀胱癌的肿瘤标志物之一[15-17]。

单项检测肿瘤标志物TR6、P53、Ki-67 PI对诊断膀胱癌有一定效力,但灵敏度不高,临床应用价值受限。经典的肿瘤标志物P53和Ki-67 PI诊断效力要高于新兴的肿瘤标志物TR6,以致在两指标联合检测中TR6+P53和PI+P53组合的诊断效率比TR6+PI组合要高。三指标的联合检测诊断膀胱癌AUC和灵敏度均高于单项检测。对于膀胱癌的两种亚型腺癌和尿路上皮癌也得到同样的结果,提示联合检测TR6、P53、Ki-67 PI有利于提高膀胱癌的检出率,减少漏检率。

[参考文献]

[1] 王敬瀚.ROC曲线在临床医学诊断实验中的应用[J]. 中华高血压杂志,2008,16(2):175-177.

[2] 文英旭,邢柏,谭世峰,等.ROC曲线评价腹内压对重症急性胰腺炎患者早期肠内营养耐受性的价值[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(20):37-40.

[3] 李佩章,波朱,英王,等.Logistic 回归和 ROC 曲线评价癌胚抗原、鳞状细胞癌抗原和铁蛋白对肺癌的诊断价值[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(16):16-19.

[4] Donizy P,Rudno-Rudzinska J,Halon A,et al. Intratumoral but not peritumoral lymphatic vessel density measured by D2-40 expression predicts poor outcome in gastric cancer-ROC curve analysis to find cut-off point [J]. Anticancer Research,2014,34(6):3113-3118.

[5] Chen G,Rong M,Luo D. TNFRSF6B neutralization antibody inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell [J]. Pathology, Research and Practice,2010,206(9):631-641.

[6] Huang S,Chen G,Dang Y,et al. Overexpression of DcR3 and its significance on tumor cell differentiation and proliferation in glioma [J]. PloS One,2014,9(3):605236.

[7] 崔海滨,葛怀娥,白希永,等.EGFR、HER2、Ki-67、P53在进展期胃癌新辅助化疗疗效预测中的应用[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(2):35-38.

[8] 段爱红,孙志强,杨丽萍,等.Nestin和Ki67在卵巢上皮性癌组织中的表达及临床意义[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(5):24-27.

[9] Yang M,Chen G,Dang Y,et al. Significance of decoy receptor 3 in sera of hepatocellular carcinoma patients [J]. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences,2010,115(4):232-237.

[10] Yamana K,Bilim V,Hara N,et al. Prognostic impact of FAS/CD95/APO-1 in urothelial cancers:decreased expression of Fas is associated with disease progression [J]. British Journal of Cancer,2005,93(5):544-551.

[11] Wu Q,Zheng Y,Chen D,et al. Aberrant expression of decoy receptor 3 in human breast cancer:relevance to lymphangiogenesis [J]. The Journal of Surgical Research,2014,188(2):459-465.

[12] Zhou J,Song S,Li D,et al. Decoy receptor 3(DcR3)overexpression predicts the prognosis and pN2 in pancreatic head carcinoma [J]. World Journal of Surgical Oncology,2014,12:52.

[13] Al-Sukhun S,Hussain M. Current understanding of the biology of advanced bladder cancer [J]. Cancer,2003,7(8 Suppl):2064-2075.

[14] Abat D,Demirhan O,Inandiklioglu N,et al. Genetic alterations of chromosomes,p53 and p16 genes in low-and high-grade bladder cancer [J]. Oncology Letters,2014,8(1):25-32.

[15] Wang L,Feng C,Ding G,et al. Ki67 and TP53 expressions predict recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer [J]. Tumour Biology:the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine,2014,35(4):2989-2995.

[16] Goyal S,Singh UR,Sharma S,et al. Correlation of mitotic indices,AgNor count,Ki-67 and Bcl-2 with grade and stage in papillary urothelial bladder cancer [J]. Urology Journal,2014,11(1):1238-1247.

[17] Ding W,Gou Y,Sun C,et al. Ki-67 is an independent indicator in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC);combination of EORTC risk scores and Ki-67 expression could improve the risk stratification of NMIBC [J]. Urologic Oncology,2014,32(1):e13-49.

(收稿日期:2014-08-23 本文编辑:程 铭)endprint

Ki-67是一种增殖细胞相关的核抗原,其功能与有丝分裂密切相关,其增殖活性用PI反映。在细胞周期中,它存在于除G0期以外的所有阶段。Ki-67在细胞周期中的G1期开始表达,在S期和G2期逐渐升高,至M期达到高峰,并在细胞分裂晚期迅速消失,其半衰期短,在脱离细胞周期后能很快降解。Ki-67高表达是细胞增生活跃的重要标志,是一项可靠而迅速地反映恶性肿瘤增殖率的指标。研究发现,Ki-67 PI在膀胱癌中呈现高表达,可作为诊断膀胱癌的肿瘤标志物之一[15-17]。

单项检测肿瘤标志物TR6、P53、Ki-67 PI对诊断膀胱癌有一定效力,但灵敏度不高,临床应用价值受限。经典的肿瘤标志物P53和Ki-67 PI诊断效力要高于新兴的肿瘤标志物TR6,以致在两指标联合检测中TR6+P53和PI+P53组合的诊断效率比TR6+PI组合要高。三指标的联合检测诊断膀胱癌AUC和灵敏度均高于单项检测。对于膀胱癌的两种亚型腺癌和尿路上皮癌也得到同样的结果,提示联合检测TR6、P53、Ki-67 PI有利于提高膀胱癌的检出率,减少漏检率。

[参考文献]

[1] 王敬瀚.ROC曲线在临床医学诊断实验中的应用[J]. 中华高血压杂志,2008,16(2):175-177.

[2] 文英旭,邢柏,谭世峰,等.ROC曲线评价腹内压对重症急性胰腺炎患者早期肠内营养耐受性的价值[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(20):37-40.

[3] 李佩章,波朱,英王,等.Logistic 回归和 ROC 曲线评价癌胚抗原、鳞状细胞癌抗原和铁蛋白对肺癌的诊断价值[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(16):16-19.

[4] Donizy P,Rudno-Rudzinska J,Halon A,et al. Intratumoral but not peritumoral lymphatic vessel density measured by D2-40 expression predicts poor outcome in gastric cancer-ROC curve analysis to find cut-off point [J]. Anticancer Research,2014,34(6):3113-3118.

[5] Chen G,Rong M,Luo D. TNFRSF6B neutralization antibody inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell [J]. Pathology, Research and Practice,2010,206(9):631-641.

[6] Huang S,Chen G,Dang Y,et al. Overexpression of DcR3 and its significance on tumor cell differentiation and proliferation in glioma [J]. PloS One,2014,9(3):605236.

[7] 崔海滨,葛怀娥,白希永,等.EGFR、HER2、Ki-67、P53在进展期胃癌新辅助化疗疗效预测中的应用[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(2):35-38.

[8] 段爱红,孙志强,杨丽萍,等.Nestin和Ki67在卵巢上皮性癌组织中的表达及临床意义[J].中国医药导报,2014,11(5):24-27.

[9] Yang M,Chen G,Dang Y,et al. Significance of decoy receptor 3 in sera of hepatocellular carcinoma patients [J]. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences,2010,115(4):232-237.

[10] Yamana K,Bilim V,Hara N,et al. Prognostic impact of FAS/CD95/APO-1 in urothelial cancers:decreased expression of Fas is associated with disease progression [J]. British Journal of Cancer,2005,93(5):544-551.

[11] Wu Q,Zheng Y,Chen D,et al. Aberrant expression of decoy receptor 3 in human breast cancer:relevance to lymphangiogenesis [J]. The Journal of Surgical Research,2014,188(2):459-465.

[12] Zhou J,Song S,Li D,et al. Decoy receptor 3(DcR3)overexpression predicts the prognosis and pN2 in pancreatic head carcinoma [J]. World Journal of Surgical Oncology,2014,12:52.

[13] Al-Sukhun S,Hussain M. Current understanding of the biology of advanced bladder cancer [J]. Cancer,2003,7(8 Suppl):2064-2075.

[14] Abat D,Demirhan O,Inandiklioglu N,et al. Genetic alterations of chromosomes,p53 and p16 genes in low-and high-grade bladder cancer [J]. Oncology Letters,2014,8(1):25-32.

[15] Wang L,Feng C,Ding G,et al. Ki67 and TP53 expressions predict recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer [J]. Tumour Biology:the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine,2014,35(4):2989-2995.

[16] Goyal S,Singh UR,Sharma S,et al. Correlation of mitotic indices,AgNor count,Ki-67 and Bcl-2 with grade and stage in papillary urothelial bladder cancer [J]. Urology Journal,2014,11(1):1238-1247.

[17] Ding W,Gou Y,Sun C,et al. Ki-67 is an independent indicator in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC);combination of EORTC risk scores and Ki-67 expression could improve the risk stratification of NMIBC [J]. Urologic Oncology,2014,32(1):e13-49.

(收稿日期:2014-08-23 本文编辑:程 铭)endprint

Ki-67是一种增殖细胞相关的核抗原,其功能与有丝分裂密切相关,其增殖活性用PI反映。在细胞周期中,它存在于除G0期以外的所有阶段。Ki-67在细胞周期中的G1期开始表达,在S期和G2期逐渐升高,至M期达到高峰,并在细胞分裂晚期迅速消失,其半衰期短,在脱离细胞周期后能很快降解。Ki-67高表达是细胞增生活跃的重要标志,是一项可靠而迅速地反映恶性肿瘤增殖率的指标。研究发现,Ki-67 PI在膀胱癌中呈现高表达,可作为诊断膀胱癌的肿瘤标志物之一[15-17]。

单项检测肿瘤标志物TR6、P53、Ki-67 PI对诊断膀胱癌有一定效力,但灵敏度不高,临床应用价值受限。经典的肿瘤标志物P53和Ki-67 PI诊断效力要高于新兴的肿瘤标志物TR6,以致在两指标联合检测中TR6+P53和PI+P53组合的诊断效率比TR6+PI组合要高。三指标的联合检测诊断膀胱癌AUC和灵敏度均高于单项检测。对于膀胱癌的两种亚型腺癌和尿路上皮癌也得到同样的结果,提示联合检测TR6、P53、Ki-67 PI有利于提高膀胱癌的检出率,减少漏检率。

[参考文献]

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[17] Ding W,Gou Y,Sun C,et al. Ki-67 is an independent indicator in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC);combination of EORTC risk scores and Ki-67 expression could improve the risk stratification of NMIBC [J]. Urologic Oncology,2014,32(1):e13-49.

(收稿日期:2014-08-23 本文编辑:程 铭)endprint

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