喻爱和+邱仁华+许新华
摘要:在催化剂氢氧化铯存在下,DMF做溶剂,室温、空气氛围中亚磷酸二乙酯与炔硒醚不是发生预期的加成反应,而是还原断裂SeCsP键,得到相应的端炔和磷酸硒酯,收率89%~95%.考察了与炔及硒相连的取代基对反应的影响,结果表明,取代基的电性对反应没有明显的影响.反应机理为氢氧化铯与亚磷酸二乙酯反应生成的(EtO)2P-(O)Cs+亲核进攻炔硒醚中的Se生成磷酸硒酯和RC≡C-Cs+,RC≡C-Cs+随后水解得到RC≡CH,同时形成催化剂氢氧化铯.本方法为断裂SeCsP提供了一条新的简便且有效的路径.
关键词:氢氧化铯;炔硒醚;亚磷酸二乙酯;磷酸硒酯;合成
中图分类号:O621.3 文献标识码:A
硒原子具有空的4d轨道,对碳负离子有很好的稳定作用,芳硒基基团在有机合成中常作为保护基团.例如,用witting反应制备炔烃是一种重要的合成方法(Scheme 1) \[1\].然而为了形成稳定的磷叶立德中间体, R1必须是吸电子基如酯基,氰基等.而且这种方法具有局限性,不能制备端炔.
关于炔硒醚脱保护,已经有一些文献报道,如使用正丁基锂或者间氯过氧苯甲酸脱保护\[2\];使用Cp2TiCl2/itBuMgBr体系脱保护\[3\];使用三丁基锡烷与偶氮二异丁氰使炔硒醚脱保护等\[4\].这些方法使用的正丁基锂及格式试剂对水十分敏感,需要严格的无水操作;间氯过氧苯甲酸及偶氮二异丁氰是易爆的危险物质.因此,发展简便的去硒化方法,对于端炔的制备具有很大意义.
炔硒醚是合成转化的重要中间体\[5-17\].通过与亲电试剂或亲核试剂加成,可以得到双官能团烯烃.氢氧化铯是无机超强碱,它能与弱酸性物质反应形成强亲核性的阴离子\[18-19\].P-H键是极性键,氢表现出一定酸性,它应能与氢氧化铯反应形成亲核性磷负离子.因此,设想氢氧化铯催化O,O二烷基亚膦酸酯与炔硒醚进行加成,以期制备含磷和硒的新型的双官能团烯烃.但是,实验表明,氢氧化铯催化下,亚磷酸酯并不能对炔硒醚进行加成,而是发生炔硒醚的去硒化反应.本文报道这一研究结果.
1实验部分
1.1仪器与试剂
31P NMR (TMS为内标),1H NMR (TMS为内标),13C NMR(以TMS 为内标)用 INOVA400 型仪测定,质谱由HP5989A 测定.溶剂 DMF未经除水处理,硅胶为青岛海洋化工厂产品,氢氧化铯从 Aldrich 公司购买.
1.2实验方法
在室温及氮气下,将1.0 mmol的亚磷酸二乙酯与0.2 mmol 氢氧化铯加入到5.0 mL DMF中搅拌0.5 h,然后加入1.0 mmol 炔硒醚继续搅拌,TLC追踪反应进程,待炔硒醚消耗完,停止反应,加入20 mL水,用乙酸乙酯(15 mL×3)萃取,合并有机相,有机相用水洗 (20 mL×2),无水硫酸钠干燥.柱层析纯化,先用纯石油醚做洗脱机将端炔冲下来,再用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(V∶V=1∶1)做洗脱机将磷酸硒酯分离出来,即得产物2a~2f及3a~3d.
2结果与讨论
以3苯氧丙炔基苯硒醚与亚磷酸二乙酯的反应为模型 (Scheme 3).在室温及氮气下,将1.0 mmol亚磷酸二乙酯与0.2 mmol 氢氧化铯加入到5.0 mL DMF中搅拌0.5 h,然后加入1.0 mmol的3苯氧丙炔基苯基硒醚继续搅拌,TLC追踪反应进程,发现两个新点,分离并对反产物进行表征,产物为3苯氧丙炔和O,O二乙基Se苯基磷酸酯.这一结果表明,氢氧化铯催化下,亚磷酸二乙酯并不能对炔硒醚进行加成,而是发生炔硒醚的去硒化反应.
采用上述投料比,空气氛围中,室温下,以3苯氧丙炔基苯基硒醚与亚磷酸二乙酯的反应为模型,考察溶剂与时间对反应的影响.结果见表1.
96 反应条件: 反应物均为1.0 mmol, CsOH 0.2 mmol, 在室温下反应.
从表1知,用二氯甲烷、甲苯作溶剂,在室温几乎不反应,延长反应时间,产率有所提高,但不显著.以乙醇或THF作溶剂,在室温反应效果比二氯甲烷、甲苯好,但不及DMF与DMSO.由于DMSO毒性大,所以用DMF作溶剂是一种较佳选择.
氢氧化铯在DMF与DMSO中活性大,是因为DMF与DMSO是偶极非质子溶剂,偶极的负端对铯离子有强的静电力,导致与之键合的阴离子(EtO)2P- (O)之间距离增大,使(EtO)2P(O)表现出强的亲核性.
随后以DMF做溶剂,采用上述投料比,空气氛围中,室温下反应6 h,以3苯氧丙炔基苯基硒醚与亚磷酸二乙酯为模型,考察催化剂用量对反应的影响.结果见表2.
95 反应条件:反应物均为1.0mmol, 碱用量0.2mmol, DMF做溶剂,在室温下反应6 h.
由表3可知,在相同条件下,CsOH表现出最好的催化效果.
CsOH的碱性比表3中其他碱金属氢氧化物强,是因为铯离子体积最大,与阴离子OH-之间静电力小,使OH-表现出更大活性;同样与Cs+键合的磷负离子 (EtO)2P-(O)也表现出强的亲核性.
在上述实验基础上,系统考察不同的炔硒醚与亚磷酸二乙酯的反应(Scheme 4), 结果见表
89反应条件:反应物均为1.0mmol, CsOH用量0.2mmol, DMF做溶剂,在室温下反应.
表4表明,以DMF作溶剂,在20 mol% CsOH存在下,不同的炔硒醚与亚磷酸二乙酯均能反应,炔硒醚中芳基电负性上取代基对收率影响不大.
氢氧化铯催化炔硒醚与亚磷酸二乙酯反应可能机理表示如下(Scheme 5):
在上述催化循环中,氢氧化铯与亚磷酸二乙酯反应生成的(EtO)2P-(O)Cs+亲核进攻炔硒醚中的Se生成磷酸硒酯和RC≡C-Cs+,RC≡C-Cs+随后水解得到RC≡CH,同时形成催化剂氢氧化铯.
以无水DMF和含水量0.5%的DMF作溶剂,结果表明,在含水溶剂中,反应速度较快.
3结论
氢氧化铯催化下,亚磷酸二乙酯并不能对炔硒醚进行加成,而是亲核进攻炔硒醚中的硒,生成端炔和磷酸硒酯.本研究的这种意外发现,为硒醚的脱保护提供了一条简便有效的新途径.与文献报道的炔硒醚脱保护方法相比,本方法不使用活泼、不便于操作的试剂,不需要使用易爆的过氧化物,溶剂也无需进行除水处理,仅使用催化剂氢氧化铯,且具有反应条件温和,收率高等优点.
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[26]XU Q, LIANG C G, HUANG X. Free radical reaction of dialkyl phosphites and organic dichalcogenides: A new facile and convenient preparation of arylselenophosphates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2003, 33(16):2777-2785.
[27]GAO Y X, TANG G, ZHAO Y F. A novel and general method for the formation of Saryl, Searyl, and Tearyl phosphorochalcogenoates[J]. Synthesis, 2009, 7:1081-1086.
[13]LARA R G, BORGES E L, LENARDO E J. Addition of thiols to phenylselenoalkynes using KF/alumina under solventfree conditions[J]. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2010, 21(11):2125-2129.
[14]OHTA K, OKETSU E K, AGASE Y N, et al. Lewis acidcatalyzed propargylic etherification and sulfanylation from alcohols in MeNO2H2O[J]. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011, 59(9):1133-1140.
[15]AVERSA M C, BARATTUCCI A, BONACCORSI P. Regio and stereocontrolled synthesis of (Z)α(Phenylseleno)sulfinyl and sulfonyl alkenes via sulfenic acids, and a study of their reactivity[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011(28):5668-5673.
[16]PERIN G, BORGES E L, ALVES D. Highly stereoselective method to prepare bisphenylchalcogen alkenes via addition of chalcogenolate to phenylseleno alkynes[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2012, 53(16):2066-2069.
[17]TAKAHASHI N, NAGASE Y, TANABE G, et al. Synthesis of 3methyl and 3,4dimethylfurans using alkoxide, thiolate, and phenoxidemediated cyclization of 4oxahepta1,6diynes bearing sulfur and selenium functional groups[J]. Tetrahedron, 2012, 68(5):1566-1580.
[18]夏湘,邹康兵,许新华,等.氢氧化铯催化二硫醚、二碲醚与端炔反应研究[J].化学学报, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752.
XIA Xiang, ZOU Kangbing, XU Xinhua, et al. Study of cesium hydroxidecatalyzed reactions of diaryl disulfides and ditellurides with terminal acetylenes[J]. Acta Chimica Sinicn, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752. (In Chinese)
[19]王小勇,李治章,许新华,等.氢氧化铯催化端炔氢硒化: 高立体区域选择性合成(E)1芳硒基烯烃[J].有机化学, 2013, 33(3):558-561.
WANG Xiaoyong, LI Zhizhang, XU Xinhua, et al. Hydroselenation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by cesium hydroxide: highly stereo and regioselective synthesis of (E)1arylselenoalkenes[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013, 33(3)558-561.(In Chinese)
[20]LI G, ZHAO G. Efficient acetylation of alcohols and phenols catalyzed by recyclable lithium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2013, 43(1):34-43.
[21]QIU W W, SURENDRA K, YIN L, et al. Selective formation of sixmembered oxa and carbocycles by the In(III)activated ring closure of acetylenic substrates[J]. Organic Letters, 2011, 13(21):5893-5895.
[22]FENG Y S, XIE C Q, QIAO W L, et al. Palladiumcatalyzed trifluoroethylation of terminal alkynes with 1,1,1trifluoro2iodoethane[J]. Organic Letters, 2013, 15, 936-939.
[23]FUJII A, MILLER S I. Nucleophilic substitution at acetylenic carbon. Kinetics and mechanism of the Arbuzov reaction of substituted phenylbromoand phenylchloroacetylenes with triethyl phosphite[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1971, 93(15):3694-3700.
[24]LAMBERT J B, LARSON E G, BOSCH R J. Stereomutation in the Seyferth reaction[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1985, 107(19):5443-5447.
[25]NELSON D J, BLUE C D, BROWN H C. Hydroboration kinetics. 5. Kinetics of the reaction of 9borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with representative haloalkynes in carbon tetrachloride. The effect of halogen substitution upon the stoichiometry and rate of hydroboration[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, 104(18):4913-4917.
[26]XU Q, LIANG C G, HUANG X. Free radical reaction of dialkyl phosphites and organic dichalcogenides: A new facile and convenient preparation of arylselenophosphates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2003, 33(16):2777-2785.
[27]GAO Y X, TANG G, ZHAO Y F. A novel and general method for the formation of Saryl, Searyl, and Tearyl phosphorochalcogenoates[J]. Synthesis, 2009, 7:1081-1086.
[13]LARA R G, BORGES E L, LENARDO E J. Addition of thiols to phenylselenoalkynes using KF/alumina under solventfree conditions[J]. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2010, 21(11):2125-2129.
[14]OHTA K, OKETSU E K, AGASE Y N, et al. Lewis acidcatalyzed propargylic etherification and sulfanylation from alcohols in MeNO2H2O[J]. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011, 59(9):1133-1140.
[15]AVERSA M C, BARATTUCCI A, BONACCORSI P. Regio and stereocontrolled synthesis of (Z)α(Phenylseleno)sulfinyl and sulfonyl alkenes via sulfenic acids, and a study of their reactivity[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011(28):5668-5673.
[16]PERIN G, BORGES E L, ALVES D. Highly stereoselective method to prepare bisphenylchalcogen alkenes via addition of chalcogenolate to phenylseleno alkynes[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2012, 53(16):2066-2069.
[17]TAKAHASHI N, NAGASE Y, TANABE G, et al. Synthesis of 3methyl and 3,4dimethylfurans using alkoxide, thiolate, and phenoxidemediated cyclization of 4oxahepta1,6diynes bearing sulfur and selenium functional groups[J]. Tetrahedron, 2012, 68(5):1566-1580.
[18]夏湘,邹康兵,许新华,等.氢氧化铯催化二硫醚、二碲醚与端炔反应研究[J].化学学报, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752.
XIA Xiang, ZOU Kangbing, XU Xinhua, et al. Study of cesium hydroxidecatalyzed reactions of diaryl disulfides and ditellurides with terminal acetylenes[J]. Acta Chimica Sinicn, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752. (In Chinese)
[19]王小勇,李治章,许新华,等.氢氧化铯催化端炔氢硒化: 高立体区域选择性合成(E)1芳硒基烯烃[J].有机化学, 2013, 33(3):558-561.
WANG Xiaoyong, LI Zhizhang, XU Xinhua, et al. Hydroselenation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by cesium hydroxide: highly stereo and regioselective synthesis of (E)1arylselenoalkenes[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013, 33(3)558-561.(In Chinese)
[20]LI G, ZHAO G. Efficient acetylation of alcohols and phenols catalyzed by recyclable lithium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2013, 43(1):34-43.
[21]QIU W W, SURENDRA K, YIN L, et al. Selective formation of sixmembered oxa and carbocycles by the In(III)activated ring closure of acetylenic substrates[J]. Organic Letters, 2011, 13(21):5893-5895.
[22]FENG Y S, XIE C Q, QIAO W L, et al. Palladiumcatalyzed trifluoroethylation of terminal alkynes with 1,1,1trifluoro2iodoethane[J]. Organic Letters, 2013, 15, 936-939.
[23]FUJII A, MILLER S I. Nucleophilic substitution at acetylenic carbon. Kinetics and mechanism of the Arbuzov reaction of substituted phenylbromoand phenylchloroacetylenes with triethyl phosphite[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1971, 93(15):3694-3700.
[24]LAMBERT J B, LARSON E G, BOSCH R J. Stereomutation in the Seyferth reaction[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1985, 107(19):5443-5447.
[25]NELSON D J, BLUE C D, BROWN H C. Hydroboration kinetics. 5. Kinetics of the reaction of 9borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with representative haloalkynes in carbon tetrachloride. The effect of halogen substitution upon the stoichiometry and rate of hydroboration[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, 104(18):4913-4917.
[26]XU Q, LIANG C G, HUANG X. Free radical reaction of dialkyl phosphites and organic dichalcogenides: A new facile and convenient preparation of arylselenophosphates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2003, 33(16):2777-2785.
[27]GAO Y X, TANG G, ZHAO Y F. A novel and general method for the formation of Saryl, Searyl, and Tearyl phosphorochalcogenoates[J]. Synthesis, 2009, 7:1081-1086.