刘紫玲,彭志平,史学森
(包头市中心医院 检验科, 内蒙古 包头 014000)
胃癌相关miRNA的临床应用价值
刘紫玲,彭志平,史学森*
(包头市中心医院 检验科, 内蒙古 包头 014000)
胃癌患者癌组织或外周血中某些表达异常的miRNA与胃癌发病机制即发生发展过程息息相关。一些特定的miRNA的表达水平可以提示胃癌的发生及所处阶段、侵袭转移能力及是否已经发生了转移、术后复发的可能性及患者的存活时间以及目前的化学药物治疗是否有效。
miRNA;胃癌;临床应用
MiRNA通常位于染色体区域的“脆性点”以及与肿瘤相关的基因区域,肿瘤患者表达水平发生变化的miRNA可以分为二类:抑癌作用的miRNA(tumor-suppressor-miRNA)和致癌作用的miRNA(tumor-onco-miRNA),两类miRNA的过表达(over-expression)与肿瘤的发生发展息息相关。过表达的Onco-miRNA/suppressor-miRNA可以更高水平的结合到其靶mRNA使其降解或者翻译水平下降,从而起到致癌/抑癌的作用[1]。
胃癌(gastric carcinoma)是消化道系统常见的恶性肿瘤之一,占胃恶性肿瘤的95%,其病死率在癌症患者中高居第2位。近年来国内外在研究胃癌患者miRNA的表达时发现,胃癌的miRNA表达谱与胰腺直肠癌前列腺癌的miRNA表达谱存在相似性,但与乳腺癌和肺癌的不同。胃癌患者表达有显著差异的起到致癌作用的miRNA,可调节胃癌细胞的增殖,迁移和侵袭能力,如:miR-150可下调抑癌基因EGR2的表达,miR-181a可下调抑癌基因KLF的表达,均可引起癌细胞的增殖。癌细胞能够维持一定的增殖能力以后,还需要获得其他相应的能力,使其穿过上皮细胞基底细胞层进入血液循环系统从而转移至淋巴结以及更远的组织,实现癌扩散转移,如miR-650和miR-622与抑癌基因ING4结合,可增强胃癌的转移和侵袭能力。
临床上常将癌胚抗原(CEA)和癌抗原CA19-9,CA72-4肿瘤标志物作为肿瘤筛查的工具,但其缺乏高度的特异性和敏感性。而miRNA的表达在胃癌早期已经发生了变化,追踪其表达图谱的变化情况,能够使临床医生更早的对胃癌做出诊断[2]。因而miRNA可能成为最有潜力的肿瘤诊断标志物。胃镜和活组织检查是传统的诊断胃癌的方法,但具有侵入性,检查外周血中miRNA的表达日渐成为诊断胃癌的新方法,单一1条miRNA对癌症的诊断意义不大而多个miRNA组合在一起构成肿瘤特异性表达谱可高度特异地反应肿瘤发展的阶段差异,从而进行更为全面的分析。
大量的研究发现,胃癌患者外周血的miRNA表达谱与正常人相比表达有显著差异,其中:miR-1、miR-17、miR-25、miR-18a、miR-18b、miR-19a、miR-20a、miR-20b、miR-21、miR-27a、miR-34a、miR-34b、miR-34c、miR-98、miR-106a、miR-106b、miR-128a、miR-130b*、miR-138、miR-147、miR-181a-2*、miR-181b、miR-185、miR-196a*、miR-199a-3p、miR-221*、miR-223、miR-296-5p、miR-302f、miR-337-3p、miR-340*、miR-378、miR-421、miR-423-5p、miR-520c-3p、miR-575、miR-601、miR-616*、miR-658和miR-1259在胃癌患者外周血中的表达较正常人显著升高,而let-7a、miR-128b、miR-129和miR-148降低[3-8]。且这些miRNA作为肿瘤标志物的特异性较CEA和CA高。中国是胃癌高发的国家,高危人群若能够通过miRNA的筛查提高胃癌早期的诊断率,非常有利于提高胃癌的治疗效果。
临床医生想要做到准确预测患者存活时间,疾病进展,预后或者其对治疗的反应是非常有难度的。miRNA有潜力成为预测疾病结局的有力工具是由于其在组织,循环中表达的稳定性和特异性。很多实验也证实了miRNA的差异表达与胃癌患者存活时间,疾病所处阶段,肿瘤复发和淋巴结转移紧密相关。例如:miR-21、miR-223、 miR-338、miR-7a、miR-30a-5p和miR-126[9]可预测患者所处阶段,细胞学亚型,存活时间。国内已发现并作报道的miRNA如表1[10-23]。
胃癌患者在治疗过程中对化疗药物的抵抗性直接影响存活时间,通过检测患者的miRNA的表达谱可以发现患者是否发生了对化疗药物产生了耐药。例如[24]:胃癌组织中miR-508-5p高表达预示着胃癌患者发生了多重耐药。胃癌组织中高表达let-7g、miR-342、miR-16、miR-181、miR-1和miR-34表明患者对化疗药物顺铂和5-氟尿嘧啶敏感,而当miR-518f、miR-520a、miR-520d、miR-519e、miR-36和miR-517高表达意味着患者对其发生了耐药,且当转染相应基因,改变miRNA表达水平以后,可逆转患者对化疗药物的耐药状态。
miRNA调节抑癌和致癌基因表达,是肿瘤发展进程中的控制中心[25],miRNA可调节蛋白表达影响多条信号途径, 所以与编码基因相比,miRNA作为肿瘤靶分子的疗效更佳。当前基于miRNA治疗方案的基础策略是采取基因敲除抑制或下调致癌miRNA的表达,如:应用抑制miRNA的小分子药物;遵循碱基配对原则,竞争性的阻断其与靶基因的相互作用等。相反,针对抑癌miRNA(miR-433、miR-127、miR-129、miR-148a、miR-212、miR-1336和miR-202-3p等)则是采取转进外源的miRNA,提高其水平,从而获得肿瘤治疗的目的。
表1 国内已发现的胃癌组织miRNA差异表达的预测作用Table 1 Gastric cancer with predictive role of miRNA in China
*代表在外周血的表达也已得到相同验证结果.
miRNA参与肿瘤的发生发展的各个过程,经过科学家不懈的努力,日后可能广泛应用于癌症的早期诊断,预后和对放化疗效果的检测,成为新一代治疗方法。但目前关于miRNA应用与临床的实验尚缺乏较高的可信度和确切的数据。对诊断而言:临床需要统一的标准和检测平台。对治疗而言:研究者需要设计出更好的无毒副作用的小分子药物等等。所以,目前仍需要更多而深入的研究,提高临床在诊治胃癌时使用miRNA的可行性。
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Clinical application value of gastric carcinoma relevant miRNA
LIU Zi-ling, PENG Zhi-ping, SHI Xue-sen*
(Dept. of Clinical Laboratory, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou 014000,China)
Specific miRNA in gastric cancer tissue or peripheral blood plasma played an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma including occurrence and development. Some specific miRNA expression level could prompt the occurrence and stages of gastric cancer, invasion and metastasis ability and whether metastasis has occurred, the possibility of postoperative recurrence and survival time of patients as well as whether the chemical drug treatment is effective.
miRNA; gastric carcinoma; clinical application
2013-10-08
2013-11-22
*通信作者(correspondingauthor): shixuesen1962@163.com
1001-6325(2014)04-0566-04
短篇综述
R 73-3
A