肖云丽,汪玉平,2,程水源*,钟玉林
(1.经济林木种质改良与资源综合利用湖北省重点实验室/黄冈师范学院生命科学学院,湖北黄冈 438000;2.武汉工程大学化学与环境工程学院,武汉 430074)
板栗Castanea mollissima Blume为山毛榉科Fagaceae 栗属Castanea 植物,是我国栽培最早的经济树种和重要干果之一。味道甘美,富含蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、多种维生素及矿物质钙、磷、钾等营养物质,可供人体吸收和利用的养分高达98%,素有“木本粮食”的美称(任爽,2003)。我国板栗总栽培面积达125 万hm2,总产量达82.5 万t,约占世界总产量的75%,无论是种植面积还是产量,其增长速度都远远超过世界其它各国,是我国出口创汇的重要干果之一(王晓勤等,2010)。除西藏、青海、宁夏、新疆、海南等少数省区外,广泛分布于我国长江流域和黄河流域的26个省、市、自治区(任爽,2003)。
但我国板栗主要栽培于山地、丘陵地带,地理环境复杂,加之在生产上管理粗放,常遭受多种虫害,同时在板栗贮运和销售过程中也存在严重虫蛀现象。因此,板栗虫害已成为我国板栗产量和质量提高的重要限制因素之一。近年来,不少学者对我国板栗害虫进行了大量研究,主要涉及种类调查、发生规律、生活习性与防治等,本论文针对上述内容的研究情况,对我国板栗害虫的研究现状进行简要概述,以便为板栗害虫的进一步深入研究提供基础与参考。
目前,全国有关板栗害虫的种类调查研究如表1,共计10 目118 科818 种如表2。
表1 板栗害虫种类分布情况Table 1 Distribution of the species of chestnut pests
表2 板栗害虫种类统计情况Table 2 Statistics of the species of chestnut pests
以上对15个省、市地区栗园害虫的种类调查在文献中多以名录的形式对害虫种类、分布区域以及为害程度作了初步报道。同时,部分学者对北部和西北部栗园主要病虫害编制了相应的鉴别图册或图谱,如《板栗病虫害防治彩色图谱》(徐志宏和蒋平,2001)、《板栗病虫害及防治原色图册》 (张炳炎,2009)、《板栗病虫害诊治原色图谱》(冯玉增和刘小平,2010)为当地栗园病虫害的识别与及时防控提供了科学指导。
国内已有不少学者对板栗主要害虫桃蛀螟Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee (段霞,2007;俎文芳和秦立者,2010;李和帮,2010;张善江等,2012)、栗实象Curculio davidi Fairmaire (丁晓红,2010;赵书有,2010;吴丽芳,2011)、栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Yasumatsu)(冯明义等,2006;黄汉升,2009;陈书黎,2011)、栗大蚜Lachnus tropicalis (Vander Goot) (刘永生,2002;赵彦杰,2005)、板栗红蜘蛛Oligonychus ununguis(Jacobi)(汪显亮和蔡华,2011;田寿乐等,2011)、板栗透翅蛾Aegcria molybdoceps Hampson(刘煜,2008;卢胜进等,2009;张永忠,2009)、板栗剪枝象Cyllorhynchices cumulatus (Voss) (王功桂,2000;黎志彬,2006;曾石松,2009)、天牛类害虫(喻泽懿和余顺华,2004;卢宗荣等,2009;徐育海和王晴芳,2010)等的发生规律、生活习性进行了详细的研究,其研究表明,栗园主要害虫的发生规律与栗园林地条件、降雨量、温湿度、板栗树龄、板栗嫁接方式、板栗生长物候期、板栗品种及板栗所含营养物质等诸多因素有关。
栗园林地状况主要包括栗园坡位、海拔高度、郁闭度、土壤肥力、品种混栽与否以及人为活动情况等。如栗瘿蜂在低海拔、低坡位、郁闭度大、水分不足与土壤肥力差的栗园中危害严重(陈建华和吴文富,2001;吴晖,2002;冯明义等,2006;黄汉升,2009);板栗红蜘蛛在阳坡、郁闭度大、混栽林、杂草丛生、水分不足和土壤肥力差的栗园中大量发生(鲁绪祥,1993;雷恒久,2009;汪显亮和蔡华,2011);栎掌舟蛾Phalera assimilis (Bremer et Grey)在阳坡、纯林、人为活动频繁的栗园中发生较多(赵良桥,2009);栗实象在混栽林、杂草丛生、人为活动频繁的地方危害较重(屈顶柱等,2009;赵书有,2010);板栗透翅蛾在阳坡栗园的发生时期明显早于阴坡等(朱广凯,2008)。
板栗红蜘蛛、栗瘿蜂、桃蛀螟、栗实象、栗大蚜、板栗透翅蛾的发生与降雨多少有密切关系。板栗红蜘蛛在干旱少雨的年份发生早、繁殖快、为害严重(田寿乐等,2011);而降雨量多及持续降雨可使栗瘿蜂、栗实象和栗大蚜的发生减少,导致栗实象和栗大蚜的种群密度急剧下降(杨子旺和康文通,1998;杨霁虹等,2003),栗瘿蜂的羽化期推迟以及虫瘿组织中已羽化成虫死亡(毕宁,2008);在每年4-5月份和8月份大量降雨季节可分别促进桃蛀螟和板栗透翅蛾大量发生(赵晓琴和李莹,2009;卢胜进等,2009)。
温湿度对板栗红蜘蛛、栗大蚜、栗实象、剪枝象等害虫的种群数量消长有重要影响。板栗红蜘蛛在最适温度22-27℃,相对湿度75%以下时其种群数量急剧增加(汪显亮和蔡华,2011);栗大蚜在平均气温为23℃和相对湿度70%左右时繁殖迅速,最快7-9 d 可完成一代(杨子旺和康文通,1998);栗实象在温度19.1-22.6℃,相对湿度60%-80%的情况下雌虫的寿命延长且产卵量最高(袁少杰等,2010);剪枝象的发生与温湿度密切相关,在中温中湿环境开始发生,高温高湿环境下为害达到高峰,高温低湿时为害处于末期,其发生最适温度为23-27℃,相对湿度为71%-84% (王功桂,2000)。
栗瘿蜂的为害程度与板栗树龄有显著关系(冯明义等,2006),树龄越大的栗树受栗瘿蜂为害的死亡率越高,反之越低。其中栗园树龄在10年以上的,栗园栗树成株死亡率达30%-40%,树龄在6年以上的栗树成株死亡率为10%-15%,而树龄4年以下的成株死亡率仅为2%。
板栗透翅蛾的发生程度与板栗不同的嫁接方式有关,其中对联合嫁接的栗树较普通插皮嫁接的栗树为害要小(董荣春和段显德,2005)。栗实象对嫁接栗园的为害比实生栗园相对较轻(屈顶柱等,2009),而栗链蚧Asterolecanium castaneae Russell 则刚好相反,栗链蚧在嫁接栗园的发生数量比实生栗园要多(贾克锋等,2001)。
桃蛀螟、栗瘿蜂、栗大蚜、栗皮夜蛾Characoma ruficirra Hampson、栗实象、金龟子等主要害虫的发生均具有相适应的板栗生长物候期,如桃蛀螟、栗实象在果实膨大期和后熟期发生量最多、栗皮夜蛾主要在幼果形成期和果实膨大期为害猖獗,金龟子在板栗萌芽展叶期和开花期大量发生,栗大蚜、栗瘿蜂在板栗展叶期、开花期、幼果形成期、以及果实膨大期群集发生等(郭树嘉等,1991;杨伟等,2002)。
桃蛀螟、栗实象、板栗红蜘蛛、栗瘿蜂等的发生与板栗品种有密切关系。栗实象对晚熟品种,刺稀、质地软、刺短、苞壳薄的品种如桂花香、六月暴为害相对较严重(杨剑等,1999);而桃蛀螟对晚熟油栗型品种,刺苞簇生率大、刺苞体积大的品种为害相对较轻(唐旭蔚等,2003;雷恒久等,2009)。板栗红蜘蛛在叶片角质层和上表皮厚,叶背绒毛密度大而长的品种上发生的虫口密度较低(吴晖,2002)。栗瘿蜂在芽大饱满、外层鳞片抱合不紧、中心呈开口状的芽上产卵相对较多(黄宏文和洛屯,1990)。
板栗红蜘蛛的发生与板栗叶片内总酚含量、黄酮含量、丙二醛含量、SOD 活性、POD 活性、PPO 活性、PAL 活性呈显著正相关 (雷恒久,2009)。桃蛀螟的为害程度与栗苞和果皮内总酚和黄酮含量呈正相关性(雷恒久,2009)。栗瘿蜂抗性与板栗叶片K 元素含量、黄酮含量、单宁含量、水杨酸含量、芽内和叶片酚类物质含量等呈显著正相关,分别与栗芽内含水量、总糖、还原糖、蛋白质、花色素甙呈显著负相关性(吴晖,2002;杨勇,2005;李奕震等,2006;王强金,2009)。
对栗园害虫的综合治理应根据害虫的发生规律,坚持“预防为主、综合防治”的原则,采取科学的防治措施展开防治工作 (王晓勤等,2010)。目前,对板栗病虫害防治主要有以下几种防治措施。
从外地引进栗种、苗木及接穗等材料时,必须经过检疫,防止胴枯病、栗瘿蜂、栗实象、蚜虫等危险性病虫害引进本地,同时对引进的苗木和接穗进行适当的药剂处理(张绪兵等,2007)。
通过掌握板栗害虫的生物学特征、生态学特性及其发生发展规律,分析害虫的发生趋势,并根据对板栗主要害虫生物学特性研究成果,将分布广、危害大、发生规律清楚的害虫作为测报对象之一,制定相应的防治措施,可有效抑制虫害爆发,减少经济损失(贾克锋等,2001)。
早春或秋冬季合理修剪、降低栗园郁闭度,及时刮皮涂干、翻耕土壤、清除栗园虫苞落果等可有效降低害虫发生基数。如冬季深耕栗园可有效破坏剪枝象甲、栗实象甲和金龟子等幼虫、栎掌舟蛾蛹等害虫的越冬场所,显著降低的成活率(李志远,2008;王晓勤等,2010);刮除树皮,用含石硫合剂的石灰液涂干,可消灭板栗透翅蛾的越冬虫茧、栗红蜘蛛和栗大蚜越冬卵(王燕等,2007);及时清除栗园落果、虫苞与枯枝可有效降低桃蛀螟、剪枝象甲、板栗雪片象 Niphades castanea Chao、栗实象、栗皮夜蛾等害虫越冬虫源。另外,种植抗虫优质品种,加强栗园水肥管理、合理施加N,P,K 肥、适时追施磷酸二氢钾等,间作利于天敌活动和繁殖的花生、大豆、紫花苜宿等矮秆农作物,可增强栗园防御害虫的能力,有效降低栗瘿蜂、桃蛀螟、板栗实象、板栗红蜘蛛、板栗雪片象等害虫的危害(陈敬望等,2007)。
利用昆虫的假死习性,在树下铺一层塑料薄膜或编织袋,于早晨露水未干时振动树枝可对栗实象、金龟子等进行人工捕捉(赵书有,2010);对木蠹蛾、板栗透翅蛾等蛀干害虫,用铁丝钩捕杀树干蛀入孔中的木蠢蛾幼虫,用木锤敲击透翅蛾的危害部位可杀死其幼虫(贾克锋等,2001);利用昆虫的趋光性可用黑光灯诱杀桃蛀螟、栗皮夜蛾、栎掌舟蛾、板栗透翅蛾、金龟子、卷叶蛾等(曹淑云等,2008;徐满成和刘金柱,2009);利用昆虫的趋化性可用糖醋液诱杀栗皮夜蛾、桃蛀螟、卷叶蛾等(曹淑云等,2008;徐满成和刘金柱,2009),在栗园中放置桃蛀螟性诱剂可有效诱杀桃蛀螟雄成虫(杨振亚等,1986;曹淑云等,2008);利用昆虫的上下树习性可于每年2-4月在树干下部刮去老粗皮,粘上黄色胶带环,涂上粘虫胶可诱杀叶螨、舞毒蛾等(曹淑云等,2008;徐满成和刘金柱,2009)。
对蛀果害虫栗实象、栗雪片象、桃蛀螟等幼虫采用水浸法可予以防治,包括冷水浸法和温水浸法。冷水浸法指把板栗浸入冷水中6 cm 左右,于每天7 点换水一次并上下翻动,浸泡2-3 d 可使害虫窒息而死(王晓勤等,2010);温水浸法即把板栗浸入55℃的温水中40 min,害虫可全部杀死,然后捞出板栗阴干妥善保管 (段霞,2007;丁晓红,2010)。
化学防治具有应用广泛,速效、高效等优点,适宜于大面积栗园害虫防治,是目前板栗害虫防治的主要手段。但化学农药的长期使用造成了害虫“3R”等一系列严重问题 (李志远,2008)。因此,化学防治应根据板栗无公害生产技术标准,允许使用生物源农药、矿物源农药和低毒有机合成农药,有限制地使用中毒农药,禁止使用剧毒、高毒和高残留农药。一方面,用药时间要及时,做到提前预防,农药交替合理使用,避免害虫产生抗药性(田寿乐等,2011);另一方面,对害虫的防治要选择最佳用药时期,对一年发生多代的害虫应选择害虫发生最整齐一代的幼龄阶段作为其最佳防治时期(程立新,2007)。例如每年5月上中旬喷洒1.8% 阿维菌素2000-3000 倍液或25%灭幼脲3 号悬浮剂1500 倍液防治食叶、芽害虫栗瘿蜂初孵幼虫,7月中下旬其成虫羽化高峰期喷洒50% 杀螟松乳油、80% 敌敌畏乳油1500-2000 倍液或20%甲氰菊酯乳油2500-3000 倍液等药剂可有效防治 (刘建国,2010;陈书黎,2011)。每年6月份是剪枝象成虫发生高峰期,可每隔10-15 d 喷洒一次菊酯类农药8000-10000倍液、40%乐果乳油或90%敌百虫等1000 倍液能有效杀死其成虫(但德忠和但修清,2004;黎志彬,2006)。针对桃蛀螟、栗实象等蛀果害虫,可于每年8月上旬至9月初栗果膨大期,每隔10-15 d 喷洒50%杀螟松乳剂1000 倍液、40%氧化乐果1500 倍液、吡虫啉1000 倍液、“栗虫净”2 号或“栗果宝”乳油1500 倍液等化学药剂能有效防治其幼虫为害,明显提高板栗产量(俎文芳和秦立者,2009;曾林等,2004);在每年9、10月份栗果堆积期喷施50%敌百虫500 倍液、25%溴氰菊酯2000 倍液或80%敌敌畏乳油1500 倍液等农药或在密闭环境内用药剂用二硫化碳(30 mL/m3)、56%磷化铝片剂(18 g/m3)密布熏蒸处理20-24 h 等,均可有效降低栗实象和桃蛀螟幼虫虫口密度(丁晓红,2010)。对板栗透翅蛾、栗吉丁虫等蛀干害虫,采用刮皮涂药,打孔注药相结合的方式进行防治,于每年秋冬季在树干30 cm 处环剥约10 cm 宽的环带,刮去粗皮,稍露嫩皮,用氧化乐果10 倍液或用敌敌畏与煤油混合液涂环防治,效果显著(谢远程,2001)。
喷施粉拟青霉菌和不同浓度的苏云金芽孢杆菌可对栗皮夜蛾、桃蛀螟、剪枝象、栗实象等进行有效防治。如用粉拟青霉菌田间防治板栗剪枝象、板栗二斑栗实象,可使其平均感病死亡率分别达77.3% 和77.8%;用稀释浓度在为100-150 倍苏云金芽孢杆菌可有效防治栗皮夜蛾和桃蛀螟幼虫;以稀释浓度在500-1000 倍苏云金芽孢杆菌可有效防治舞毒蛾和桃蛀螟(曹淑云等,2008;王晓勤等,2010)。
通过栗园释放天敌或者创造利于天敌生存的栗园环境,以增加天敌数量,可达到以天敌治虫的目的。如结合栗园释放天敌黄眶离缘姬蜂Trathala flavo-orbitalis (Cameron)、广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus Walker、赤眼蜂Trichogrammatid、中华长尾小蜂Torymus sinensis Kamijo、葛氏长尾小蜂Torymus geramii Walke 等可有效控制桃蛀螟、栗瘿蜂为害 (蔡炎和吴康云,2007;王晓勤等,2010);通过栗园间作的方式创造适合西方盲走螨Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt、红点唇瓢虫Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri、异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)、草蛉Chrysopa perla (Linnaeus)等天敌的生存环境,可降低板栗红蜘蛛、栗大蚜的虫口密度(鲁绪祥等,1993;温桂华等,2007;汪显亮和蔡华,2011);采用栗园饲养鸡、鸭等禽类的方式可一定程度上控制透翅蛾、蚜虫、金龟子等害虫的为害(曹淑云等,2008)。
有关栗园害虫天敌的研究主要集中于板栗红蜘蛛、栗瘿蜂、桃蛀螟、板栗透翅蛾等主要害虫天敌的报道,另外,严晓素等、赵丽芳等分别对浙江省板栗蛾类害虫寄生蜂种类 (严晓素等,2001)和云南滇中栗园天敌种类 (赵丽芳等,2008)进行了调查研究,截至目前,板栗害虫的天敌初步统计有7 目24 科93 种。
近年来,基于栗园节肢动物群落结构、利用天敌对害虫进行生态调控的研究逐渐兴起,如安徽、福建、重庆等省市少数地区对栗园节肢动物群落结构做了较系统的研究,包括栗园节肢动物群落结构组成、害虫及天敌优势种分析、主要害虫与天敌的生态位关系和生态调控等(任爽等,2002;方国飞,2002;郑华等,2005;任爽和陈斌,2009;任爽和邓新平,2009;任爽,2009;张巨山,2010;叶世森,2011)。对重庆合川栗园天敌蜘蛛Araneida 群落结构组成、蜘蛛发生规律进行调查研究发现,6、7月份栗园各种害虫和蜘蛛的发生在数量、时间上具有高度的一致性,说明栗园蜘蛛群落在控制栗园害虫虫口密度方面发挥重要功能(任爽等,2002)。
迄今有关板栗害虫的研究,在害虫的种类调查、主要害虫的发生规律和影响因素以及害虫防治措施等领域做了大量的研究工作,取得诸多成效,但是有关栗园害虫的防控研究,尚存在一些问题。一方面针对主要板栗害虫的预测预报机制不够健全,虽然利用黑光灯、糖醋液或性引诱剂等能对桃蛀螟、卷叶蛾、金龟子等成虫进行引诱监测,但由于栗园偏远及经济成本等因素而在栗园中鲜有应用;而剪枝象、栗实象等非趋光性害虫,尚未见其性信息素等的相关研究;同时由于宣传力度的不够,不少栗农对主要害虫尚不能准确识别,因此,对大面积虫害的发生常缺乏及时准确的预报。另一方面对栗园主要害虫的防治,缺乏物理防治、生物防治等多种防治措施的协调配套应用,目前仍普遍趋向于单一的化学防治,广谱性农药大量使用,致害虫3R 问题日趋明显,也严重威胁天敌的生存。与此同时,有关利用害虫天敌包括栗园引进天敌或改善天敌的生存环境等方式从生态调控的角度进行的害虫防控研究虽渐被报道,但尚处于初步研究阶段,且对林间生态位调控的防治策略及防治效果尚不明确。因此,对栗园害虫的有效持续调控,应根据害虫的生物学习性和发生特点,综合考虑温湿度、物候期、栗园林地条件等因素,加强预测预报研究,生物防治和天敌生态调控等研究,切实有效地制定害虫防控策略,提高板栗的产量与质量。
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