韩明霞
引述别人的话一般有两种方式,一种是原封不动地引用他人的原话,把它放在引号内,这叫做直接引语;另一种是用自己的话转述他人的话,不用引号,叫做间接用语。直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语中的人称代词、动词时态、主谓语序、时间状语和地点状语等往往要作相应的变化,而有时却不需要变化。现将这些“变”与“不变”的情况作一归纳。
一、“变”的情况
1. 人称的变化
(1)直接引语中的主语是第一人称时,间接引语中的主语应变为第三人称。
例如:
He said, “I like reading newspapers.”
(他说:“我喜欢看报。”)
→He said he liked reading newspapers.
(他说他喜欢看报。)
(2)直接引语中的主语是第二人称时,如果原话是针对转述人说的,则间接引话中的主语应转换为第一人称:但若原话是针对第三者说的,则间接引语的主语应为第三人称。
例如:
“You should do your homework carefully,” the teacher said to me.
(老师对我说:“你应该认真做作业。”)
→The teacher said to me that l should do my homework carefully.
(老师对我说我应该认真做作业。)
“You mustnt play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
(警察对孩子们说:“不准在街上踢球。”)
→The policeman said to the boys that they mustnt play football in the street.
(警察对孩子们说他们不准在街上踢球。)
(3)人称的变化还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。
例如:
He said, “l have lost my pen.”
(他说:“我把钢笔弄丢了。”)
→He said that he had lost his pen.
(他说他把钢笔弄丢了。)
She said “The book on the desk is mine.”
(她说“桌子上的书是我的。”)
→She said that the book on the desk was hers.
(她说桌子上的书是她的。)
2. 句子结构的变化
(1)如果直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时应该转换成由连词that引导的宾语从句,在口语中that 常被省略。
例如:
She says, “l am going to visit my uncle.”
(她说:“我将去看我的叔叔。”)
→She said that she was going to see her uncle.
(她说她将去看她的叔叔。)
(2)如果直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句,将它们变为间接引语时,应变成由连词if或whether引导的宾语从句,该宾语从句的语序应为陈述语序。
例如:
He asked, “Has she come?”
(他问:“她已经来了吗?”)
→He asked if she had come.
(他问她是否已经来了。)
Her brother asked, “Does the teacher know it or not?”
(她弟弟问:“老师知道这件事吗?”)
→Her brother asked whether the teacher knew it or not.
(他弟弟问老师是否知道这件事。)
(3)如果直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词引导宾语从句,从句中要用陈述语序。
例如:
He asked, “When will we arrive in Shanghai?”
(他问:“我们什么时候到达上海?”)
→He asked when they would arrive in Shanghai.
(他问他们什么时候到达上海。)
He asked, “What grade are you in?”
(他问:“你在哪个年级?”)
→He asked what grade I was in.
(他问我在哪个年级。)
(4)如果直接引语是祈使句,将其变为间接引语时,应根据意义上的需要,选用“ask / tell / order / advise / request + 宾语 + 带to的不定式”结构。
例如:
He says to us, “Be quite.”
(他说:“保持安静。”)
→He asked us to be quiet.
(他让我们保持安静。)
“Dont go out,” she says to me.
(她对我说:“别出去。”)
→She told me not to go out.
(她告诉我不要出去。)
3. 时态的变化
主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时时,间接引语中的谓语动词时态需作以下变化:
(1)将直接引语中的一般现在时变为一般过去时。
例如:
He said, “This book is yours.”
(他说:“这本书是你的。”)
→He said that book was mine.
(他说那本书是我的。)
(2)将直接引语中的现在进行时变为过去进行时。
例如:
The teacher said, “The children are reading a text.”
(老师说:“孩子们正在读课文。”)
→The teacher said the children were reading a text.
(老师说孩子们正在读课文。)
(3)将直接引语中的现在完成时变为过去完成时。
例如:
He said, “I have read the book.”
(他说:“我已经看过这本书了。”)
→He said he had read the book.
(他说他已经看过这本书了。)
(4)将直接引语中的一般将来时变为过去将来时。
例如:
He said, “Ill wait for you outside the school gate.”
(他说:“我将在校门外等你。”)
→He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
(他说他将在校门外等我。)
(5)将直接引语中的一般过去时变为过去完成时。
例如:
She said, “I bought the book yesterday.”
(她说:“我昨天买了这本书。”)
→She said she had bought the book the day before.
(她说她前一天买了这本书。)
4. 其他变化
直接引语变为间接引语时,其中的时间状语、地点状语以及某些对比性的指示代词和动词也要作相应的变化,如:yesterday变为the day before, here变为there, come变为go, this变为that, these变为those等。
例如:
He said, “I will stay here.”
(他说:“我将呆在这儿。”)
→He said that he would stay there.
(他说他将呆在那儿。)
“I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
(她说:“这些花是我为你买的。”)
→She said she bought those flowers for me.
(她说这些花是她为我买的。)
二、“不变”的情况
1.如果说话人引述自己的话,人称代词便不必变化。
例如:
I said, “I have been to Beijing.”
(我说:“我去过北京。”)
→I said I had been to Beijing.
(我说我去过北京。)
2. 主句中的谓语动词为一般现在时时,直接引语中谓语动词的时态在间接引语中不变。
例如:
He asks, “Where do you come from?”
(他问:“你是哪里人?”)
→He asks where I come from.
(他问我是哪里人。)
3. 直接引语中比较具体的时间状语,在间接引语中可以不变,谓语动词的时态也不变。
例如:
“It happened in 2008,” he said.
(他说:“那件事发生在2008年。”)
→He said it happened in 2008.
(他说那件事发生在2008年。)
4. 如果直接引语叙述的是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等,那么,直接引语中的一般现在时在间接引语中不变。
例如:
The boy asked, “Does water boil at 100℃?”
(男孩问:“水是否在100℃沸腾?”)
→The boy asked if water boils at 100℃.
(男孩问水是否在100℃沸腾。)
The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
(老师说:“地球围绕太阳转。”)
→The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
(老师说地球围绕太阳转。)
5. 如果是在当时或当地进行转述,那么,时间状语和地点状语以及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。
例如:
He said, “I came here three days ago.”
(他说:“我是三天前来到这儿的。”)
→He said he came here three days ago.
(他说他是三天前来到这儿的。)