陆珣靓
【摘要】 目的:回顾性观察糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者血清CA19-9水平,分析糖尿病急性代谢紊乱状态下CA19-9升高的特点。方法:选取糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者73例和血糖控制差(糖化大于7.5%)的糖尿病非酮症酸中毒患者209例,对其性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、体重指数、HbA1c、CA19-9水平进行分析。结果:(1)酮症酸中毒组平均CA19-9水平29.7(57.8~15.35)U/mL,显著高于非酮症酸中毒组10.1(19.65~5.40)U/mL,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);前者CA19-9升高的比例为39.7%,而后者为7.7%(P<0.01),两者比较差异有统计学意义。(2)CA19-9升高的45例患者中数值在200 U/mL以内者占95.6%,其中10例患者病情纠正后复查CA19-9均呈下降趋势。结论:糖尿病患者CA19-9水平在酮症酸中毒状态下较非酮症酸中毒状态下可更明显升高。
【关键词】 糖抗原CA19-9; 糖尿病酮症酸中毒
The Alteration of Serum CA19-9 Levels in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis/LU Xun-liang.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(28):016-018
【Abstract】 Objective: To retrospectively observe the alteration of serum CA19-9 levels in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) compared to diabetics without DKA. Method: Seventy-three patients with DKA(DKA group) and 209 diabetics under dissatisfied glucose control (non-DKA group, HbA1c>7.5%) were enrolled. Records of gender, age, diabetic duration, BMI, HbA1c, CA19-9 level were collected. The levels of serum CA19-9 were compared between the two groups. Result: (1) Average CA19-9 level was significantly higher in DKA group 29.7(57.8-15.35)U/mL than that in non-DKA group 10.1(19.65-5.40)U/mL (P<0.01), as well as the percentage of positive CA19-9 level (39.7% and 7.7%, P<0.01). (2) The abnormal values were in range of 37.1-674.5 U/mL, mainly distributed within 200 U/mL(95.6%). Conclusion: Slight to moderate elevations of CA19-9 levels are more frequently found in DKA patients than diabetics under poor glucose control, as well as significant higher levels.
【Key words】 Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; Diabetic ketoacidosis
First-authors address: The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.28.006
糖尿病和肿瘤的关系近年来备受关注,尤其是糖尿病与胰腺癌之间的相互关系近年来成为研究热点[1-2]。因此,对糖尿病患者进行肿瘤标志物检测已成为常规筛查手段。糖类抗原CA19-9(CA19-9)是临床最常用的肿瘤标志物之一,它对胰腺癌诊断的特异性和敏感性均超过70%,但由于它也可以在很多非肿瘤性疾病中升高[3-5],包括肝硬化、急慢性肝炎、胆道梗阻、某些甲状腺疾病、某些肺部良性疾病以及糖尿病,因此在临床应用中仍需结合病情分析其升高的原因。
人们早就注意到CA19-9水平在糖尿病患者中升高的现象,以往的研究报道已给出以下结论:糖尿病人群CA19-9水平高于正常健康人群;血糖控制欠佳糖尿病患者CA19-9水平高于血糖控制良好者;糖化血红蛋白可能是影响因素[6-8]。在临床工作中,笔者注意到糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者似乎更易出现CA19-9升高的现象,而目前关于CA19-9在酮症酸中毒状态下升高情况的研究报道很少,为明确该急性代谢紊乱状态是否影响了CA19-9水平,本研究通过回顾性观察,并与血糖控制欠佳的非酮症酸中毒患者比较,总结了酮症酸中毒状态下CA19-9水平升高的特点并尝试解释这些现象的可能原因。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本研究入选浙江大学医学院附属第一医院内分泌科2008年1月-2010年12月因糖尿病酮症酸中毒入住的患者73例(其中T1DM 39例,T2DM 34例,男46例,女27例),年龄15~84岁,平均(38.6±16.13)岁,病程1~10年,所观察病例无昏迷,血气pH为7.25~7.35,血酮体在入院2~48 h内转阴。另择同期入住本科的血糖控制差(HbA1c>7.5%)的非酮症酸中毒患者209例(其中T1DM 30例,T2DM 179例,男112例,女97例),年龄14~87岁,平均(54.86±15.58),病程1~10年。两组患者性别、年龄、病程比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有入选患者排除以下情况:有肿瘤病史或在本次住院期间发现或高度怀疑肿瘤;急慢性胰腺炎;有胰腺手术和外伤史;有肝胆系统急性感染或胆道梗阻;急慢性活动性肝炎;肝硬化;急慢性肾功能衰竭;存在多器官功能衰竭;伴有甲状腺疾病。endprint
1.2 方法 收集患者一般指标如性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、糖尿病病程及实验室检查指标如糖化血红蛋白、血清CA19-9水平(本实验室CA19-9的正常范围为0~37 U/mL)。实验室指标均为入院第2天采血标本检测结果。
1.3 统计学处理 所有数据使用SPSS (PASW) 18.0软件进行分析,计量资料先进行正态性检验,若资料符合正态分布或近似正态分布采用(x±s)表示,两组均数比较采用t检验;若资料不符合正态分布,用中位数(四分位间距)表示,两组比较采用秩和检验。计数资料比较采用 字2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者血清CA19-9、BMI、HbA1c水平比较 两组患者体重指数(BMI)、HbA1c比较,差异无统计学意义;酮症酸中毒组CA19-9水平显著高于非酮症酸中毒组(P<0.01),比较差异无统计学意义。见表1。
2.2 两组患者CA19-9升高情况比较 酮症酸中毒组CA19-9升高29例,占39.7%,其余正常;非酮症酸中毒组升高16例,占7.7%,其余正常。两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。
2.3 两组血清CA19-9水平升高数值分布范围比较 两组共45例患者CA19-9水平高于正常,非酮症酸中毒组(16例)升高的CA19-9数值均在200 U/mL之内,酮症酸中毒组(29例)除两例外,其余患者CA19-9数值也分布于200 U/mL之内,即95.6%的患者升高都在200 U/L以内。研究中观察到的CA19-9最高水平为674.5 U/mL。这45例患者中仅有10例患者在酮症酸中毒纠正后(入院后第4~10天)进行了复查,结果显示2例患者降至正常,其余8例均呈下降趋势。
3 讨论
本研究观察到血清CA19-9升高在酮症酸中毒患者中比血糖控制差的糖尿病非酮症酸中毒患者中更为常见,且升高的程度更高。目前国内外关于糖尿病与肿瘤标志物的研究较多表明糖化血红蛋白CA19-9水平的影响因素[9-11],但本研究中两组间HbA1c差异无明显统计学意义,故平均血糖水平的影响不能很好解释该结论,而酮症酸中毒状态可能是CA19-9水平的另一影响因素。1991年Benhamou等[12]的研究给了我们重要启示,该作者亦观察到酮症酸中毒患者CA19-9水平显著高于血糖控制不佳的非酮症患者,且他认为CA19-9可以作为急性代谢紊乱状态下胰腺外分泌腺功能受损的反映。本研究认为CA19-9水平在糖尿病患者及酮症酸中毒患者中的良性升高是糖尿病患者胰腺外分泌腺存在损伤之反映的观点有其合理性,高血糖状态带来的高糖毒性是其损伤机制之一,其他可能的损伤因素包括高胰高血糖素、胰岛素抵抗、炎症、自身免疫、酮症酸中毒过程中的病理生理变化如缺氧、脱水、酸中毒、电解质紊乱等。人们曾经在相当长的时间里都认为胰腺内外分泌腺是互相独立的两部分,直到用电镜观察到了胰岛、腺泡、导管的微结构才开始关注内外分泌腺之间的联系,事实上胰腺内外分泌腺无论在解剖上还是功能上都密切关联。解剖上,胰岛-腺泡轴、胰岛-腺泡门静脉系统的发现以及胰岛-导管轴的发现都揭示了胰岛与胰腺腺泡-导管系统存在直接的联系[13];功能上,胰腺外分泌在一定程度上受胰腺内分泌的调节,如胰岛素对胰腺外分泌具有营养和促进分泌的作用,而胰高血糖素、生长抑素则有抑制作用[14]。糖尿病患者,无论是1型还是2型都存在胰腺内分泌功能障碍,而越来越多研究表明糖尿病患者外分泌腺也存在病理生理改变[15-17],这一点也被许多研究及1型、2型、胰岛素抵抗的糖尿病动物模型所证实,即胰腺外分泌腺在病理上的确存在改变,包括外分泌腺腺泡萎缩、导管扩张、间质纤维化等。CA19-9是与胰腺关系最为密切的肿瘤标志物,它主要在胰腺外分泌腺和胆道上皮细胞中合成,它在肿瘤状态下由肿瘤细胞合成,但它也可以在胰腺炎等非肿瘤性病变的情况下合成增多,在糖尿病造成的胰腺慢性损伤状态下,它的合成也增加,其中具体的调控机制尚待探索。这可能是糖尿病患者CA19-9平均水平高于健康人群的原因。许多研究报道急性胰腺炎在酮症酸中毒过程的发生率至少为10%~15%,虽然大部分情况下为轻度急性胰腺炎[18]。早前的尸检研究也证实了酮症酸中毒病例中胰腺均存在不同程度的坏死。酮症酸中毒是糖尿病急性并发症,其病理生理过程包括更严重的高血糖、胰岛素绝对缺乏、胰高血糖素的不恰当分泌增多、胰岛素抵抗以及高渗、脱水、缺氧、酸中毒、电解质紊乱等引起细胞功能障碍,以及夹杂于其中的感染、应激因素,笔者认为这个“酮症酸中毒打击”的过程加重糖尿病患者原已存在的胰腺内外分泌系统慢性损伤,这可以解释CA19-9在酮症酸中毒患者中较非酮症患者更易出现升高,且升高程度更高的现象。
本研究还观察到升高的CA19-9数值一般分布在200 U/mL之内,呈轻中度升高,其中10例患者在酮症酸中毒病情纠正后复查CA19-9水平均呈下降趋势,CA19-9升高的程度与变化趋势和其他研究报道一致[19],这可能提示胰腺外分泌系统在损伤过后存在某种修复机制,这与CA19-9肿瘤性合成增多存在根本差别。对于上述结论,必须指出本研究样本量小,对于所得出结论的分析具有推测性,尚需要更多的研究来肯定或否定。
综上所述,笔者认为临床工作中对于血糖控制差或酮症酸中毒状态下CA19-9升高的患者应采取谨慎又合理的态度。应注重该指标的复查,并根据复查情况决定是否需进一步筛查肿瘤,从而避免不必要的医疗浪费和侵入性检查给患者造成的痛苦。同时,临床工作中应更注重对患者血糖水平的控制、更及时发现并纠正酮症酸中毒状态,以避免胰腺内外分泌腺损伤的加重,从而保护胰腺功能。
参考文献
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[3] Ventrucci M, Pozzato P, Cipolla A, et al. Persistent elevation of serum CA 19-9 with no evidence of malignant disease[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2009,41(5):357-363.
[4] Akdogan M. Extraordinarily elevated CA19-9 in benign conditions: a case report and review of the literature[J]. Tumori,2001,87(5):337-339.
[5] Sezer K. Normal CA 19-9 levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2009,10(2):315-318.
[6]鲁礴,杨玉梅,张萍.2型糖尿病患者血清CA19-9、hs-CRP水平变化的研究[J].中外医学研究,2011,8(28):27-28.
[7] Yu H Y, Bao Y Q, Zhang L, et al. Relation between the level of serum CA19-9 and glucose control in inpatients with diabetes[J]. National Medical Journal of China,2010,90(6):394-396.
[8] Esteghamati A, Hafezi-Nejad N, Zandieh A, et al. CA 19-9 is associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic patients: role of insulin resistance[J]. Clin Lab,2014,60(3):441-447.
[9] Petit J M, Vaillant G, Olsson N O, et al. Elevated serum CA19-9 levels in poorly controlled diabetic patients[J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,1994,18(1):17-20.
[10] Murai J, Soga S, Saito H, et al. Study on the mechanism causing elevation of serum CA19-9 levels in diabetic patients[J]. Endocr J,2013,60(7):885-891.
[11]俞利红,朱麒钱,官莉莉,等.2型糖尿病患者血清CA199水平的相关因素研究[J].中国全科医学,2011,2(10):32-34.
[12] Benhamou P Y. Influence of metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus on serum CA 19-9 tumor marker[J]. Diabete Metab,1991,17(1):39-43.
[13] Bertelli E, Regoli M, Orazioli D, et al. Association between islets of Langerhans and pancreatic ductal system in adult rat. Where endocrine and exocrine meet together?[J]. Diabetologia,2001,44(5):575-584.
[14] Henderson J R, Daniel P M, Fraser P A. The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland[J]. Gut,1981,22(2):158-167.
[15] Lankisch P G, Manthey G, Otto J, et al. Exocrine pancreatic function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Digestion,1982,25(3):211-216.
[16] Hardt P D, Ewald N. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in diabetes mellitus: a complication of diabetic neuropathy or a different type of diabetes?[J]. Exp Diabetes Res,2011,2011(761):950.
[17] Yu H, Li R, Zhang L, et al. Serum CA19-9 level associated with metabolic control and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients[J]. Exp Diabetes Res,2012,2012(745):189.
[18] Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni C S. Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA[J]. Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2795-800.
[19] Pei-Chi Chen, Hong-Da Lin. Reversible high blood CEA and CA19-9 concentrations in a diabetic patient[J]. Libyan J Med,2012,7(10):3402.
(收稿日期:2014-05-07) (本文编辑:王宇)endprint
[2] Burney S, Irfan K, Saif M W, et al. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer[J]. JOP,2014,15(4):319-321.
[3] Ventrucci M, Pozzato P, Cipolla A, et al. Persistent elevation of serum CA 19-9 with no evidence of malignant disease[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2009,41(5):357-363.
[4] Akdogan M. Extraordinarily elevated CA19-9 in benign conditions: a case report and review of the literature[J]. Tumori,2001,87(5):337-339.
[5] Sezer K. Normal CA 19-9 levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2009,10(2):315-318.
[6]鲁礴,杨玉梅,张萍.2型糖尿病患者血清CA19-9、hs-CRP水平变化的研究[J].中外医学研究,2011,8(28):27-28.
[7] Yu H Y, Bao Y Q, Zhang L, et al. Relation between the level of serum CA19-9 and glucose control in inpatients with diabetes[J]. National Medical Journal of China,2010,90(6):394-396.
[8] Esteghamati A, Hafezi-Nejad N, Zandieh A, et al. CA 19-9 is associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic patients: role of insulin resistance[J]. Clin Lab,2014,60(3):441-447.
[9] Petit J M, Vaillant G, Olsson N O, et al. Elevated serum CA19-9 levels in poorly controlled diabetic patients[J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,1994,18(1):17-20.
[10] Murai J, Soga S, Saito H, et al. Study on the mechanism causing elevation of serum CA19-9 levels in diabetic patients[J]. Endocr J,2013,60(7):885-891.
[11]俞利红,朱麒钱,官莉莉,等.2型糖尿病患者血清CA199水平的相关因素研究[J].中国全科医学,2011,2(10):32-34.
[12] Benhamou P Y. Influence of metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus on serum CA 19-9 tumor marker[J]. Diabete Metab,1991,17(1):39-43.
[13] Bertelli E, Regoli M, Orazioli D, et al. Association between islets of Langerhans and pancreatic ductal system in adult rat. Where endocrine and exocrine meet together?[J]. Diabetologia,2001,44(5):575-584.
[14] Henderson J R, Daniel P M, Fraser P A. The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland[J]. Gut,1981,22(2):158-167.
[15] Lankisch P G, Manthey G, Otto J, et al. Exocrine pancreatic function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Digestion,1982,25(3):211-216.
[16] Hardt P D, Ewald N. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in diabetes mellitus: a complication of diabetic neuropathy or a different type of diabetes?[J]. Exp Diabetes Res,2011,2011(761):950.
[17] Yu H, Li R, Zhang L, et al. Serum CA19-9 level associated with metabolic control and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients[J]. Exp Diabetes Res,2012,2012(745):189.
[18] Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni C S. Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA[J]. Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2795-800.
[19] Pei-Chi Chen, Hong-Da Lin. Reversible high blood CEA and CA19-9 concentrations in a diabetic patient[J]. Libyan J Med,2012,7(10):3402.
(收稿日期:2014-05-07) (本文编辑:王宇)endprint
[2] Burney S, Irfan K, Saif M W, et al. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer[J]. JOP,2014,15(4):319-321.
[3] Ventrucci M, Pozzato P, Cipolla A, et al. Persistent elevation of serum CA 19-9 with no evidence of malignant disease[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2009,41(5):357-363.
[4] Akdogan M. Extraordinarily elevated CA19-9 in benign conditions: a case report and review of the literature[J]. Tumori,2001,87(5):337-339.
[5] Sezer K. Normal CA 19-9 levels in Hashimoto's thyroiditis[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2009,10(2):315-318.
[6]鲁礴,杨玉梅,张萍.2型糖尿病患者血清CA19-9、hs-CRP水平变化的研究[J].中外医学研究,2011,8(28):27-28.
[7] Yu H Y, Bao Y Q, Zhang L, et al. Relation between the level of serum CA19-9 and glucose control in inpatients with diabetes[J]. National Medical Journal of China,2010,90(6):394-396.
[8] Esteghamati A, Hafezi-Nejad N, Zandieh A, et al. CA 19-9 is associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic patients: role of insulin resistance[J]. Clin Lab,2014,60(3):441-447.
[9] Petit J M, Vaillant G, Olsson N O, et al. Elevated serum CA19-9 levels in poorly controlled diabetic patients[J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol,1994,18(1):17-20.
[10] Murai J, Soga S, Saito H, et al. Study on the mechanism causing elevation of serum CA19-9 levels in diabetic patients[J]. Endocr J,2013,60(7):885-891.
[11]俞利红,朱麒钱,官莉莉,等.2型糖尿病患者血清CA199水平的相关因素研究[J].中国全科医学,2011,2(10):32-34.
[12] Benhamou P Y. Influence of metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus on serum CA 19-9 tumor marker[J]. Diabete Metab,1991,17(1):39-43.
[13] Bertelli E, Regoli M, Orazioli D, et al. Association between islets of Langerhans and pancreatic ductal system in adult rat. Where endocrine and exocrine meet together?[J]. Diabetologia,2001,44(5):575-584.
[14] Henderson J R, Daniel P M, Fraser P A. The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland[J]. Gut,1981,22(2):158-167.
[15] Lankisch P G, Manthey G, Otto J, et al. Exocrine pancreatic function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Digestion,1982,25(3):211-216.
[16] Hardt P D, Ewald N. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in diabetes mellitus: a complication of diabetic neuropathy or a different type of diabetes?[J]. Exp Diabetes Res,2011,2011(761):950.
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(收稿日期:2014-05-07) (本文编辑:王宇)endprint