沈孝强 吴次芳 方明
摘要 产业、人口和土地非农化是城市化的基本内涵与表现,其协调性关系到城市化的可持续发展。运用协调耦合度模型和重心法分析1999年至2011年浙江省城市化过程中产业、人口与土地非农化的协调性与空间均衡性,通过皮尔逊相关性检验协调耦合度的影响因素,结果表明:①研究期全省产业、人口与土地非农化的协调耦合度得到持续提高,由0.54上升至0.76,从中协调耦合等级发展为较协调耦合等级,各市协调耦合度及其等级都获得相应提高,但“北高南低,南北分化”的空间差异特征依然显著;②以2005年为界,前半期全省及省内各市协调耦合度增速较快,但2005年之后显著放缓,说明促进各要素协调非农化的难度在上升;③地区不平衡未得到有效控制,西北部人口非农化速度领先、东北部产业非农化较快、中南部土地非农化超前,阻碍了综合协调耦合度的提高;④经济发展、城乡居民收入与公共服务水平,就业结构和土地资源禀赋等是影响产业、人口与土地协调非农化的重要因素。今后产业、人口和土地非农化协调性的提高将依赖于各要素非农化相互作用和地区平衡性的改善。东北部地区需着重推进产业升级和城乡一体化建设;西北部地区提高失业、住房等社会保障覆盖面,促进进城农民工市民化;中南部巩固农业的同时积极发展二三产业,增加非农就业,改善公共服务,同时优化土地利用管理,控制城市低效蔓延。
关键词 城市化;产业非农化;人口城镇化;土地非农化;协调性;浙江
中图分类号 F291.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1002-2104(2014)09-0129-06
自上世纪九十年代进入快速城市化进程以来,中国的城市化问题已成为焦点议题[1]。从城市化的本质看,城市化是区域产业、人口与资源在市场作用下以城市为主导重新进行空间配置的过程[2],产业结构调整、人口迁移和地域扩张是城市化的基本内涵与表现[3]。具体而言:经济发展是城市化的根本动力,并带动农村人口向城市流动和城市地域规模扩张[4];农村人口向城市迁移为城市产业发展提供劳动力,充足的廉价劳动力即所谓的人口红利是我国经济快速发展的重要动力[5],而人口非农化超前又会产生城市就业与贫困问题[6];土地为城市经济发展与人口扩张提供空间载体,但土地非农化过快将引发城市低效蔓延、耕地过度占用和环境问题[7]。产业、人口与土地非农化过程中任何一环的脱节,都会阻碍城市健康发展。相关研究虽有涉及城市化过程中产业、人口与土地问题,但多是就其中一两个要素展开研究[8-10],缺乏对三者的综合分析;或者将产业、人口和用地作为因子置于城市经济、社会和开发强度等更高级系统中[11-12]。这样虽有利于评价城市发展的整体协调性,却模糊甚至掩盖了产业、人口和土地在城市化过程中的关键作用与相互关系。浙江省的城市化进程快于全国水平,具有一定指导意义。鉴于此,本文以浙江省为例,以二三产业增加值占GDP比重、非农人口占地区总人口比重和城市建成区面积占土地总面积比重为评价指标,分析城市化过程中三者的协调性,并分析相关影响因素,为城市化健康发展提供理论和实践参考。
1.3 重心法
为进一步研究浙江省快速城市化进程中产业、人口与土地非农化的空间平衡性,引入重心法。利用ArcGIS 的 Mean Center 工具[14]计算全省二三产业增加值、非农业人口和城市建成区面积的地理重心分布,可以直观地表现出某一方位上是否存在某种要素非农化超前或滞后的现象。如建成区面积重心转移的方向,若与二三产业增加值、非农业人口重心转移方向不一致,则说明这一方向上土地的非农化相对超前于产业和人口非农化,可能存在城市过度蔓延的现象。若三个重心不断趋近,可以反映出全省产业、人口和土地非农化在空间分布上是趋向平衡的。
1.4 数据来源与处理
浙江省及各市的二三产业增加值、地区国民生产总值,非农业人口和总人口(农业人口和非农业人口之和)来自各省市相应年份的统计年鉴。城市建成区面积数据来自1999-2011年《中国城市建设统计年鉴》。其中,有四个数据做了调整,分别是2005年嘉兴市,2003、2005年湖州市及2006年舟山市的建成区面积。统计年鉴关于2004年、2006年嘉兴市建成区土地面积的数据分别为139.85和140.32 km2,而2005年为163.09 km2,显得不可思议。本文将2005年数据改为前后两年的中间值。笔者认为,这样的修改是相对合理的,也是有必要的。其他三个数据的修改原因和修改方式与上述一致。运用公式(1)对数据进行标准化处理。
2 结果与分析
2.1 浙江省产业、人口与土地非农化协调耦合度的时空演化
由公式(2),浙江省及各地级市1999-2011年城市化进程中产业、人口和土地非农化的协调耦合度见表1。
(3)以2005年为分界,浙江省前半期产业、人口和土地非农化的协调耦合度改善速度普遍明显快于后半期(见表2),后劲不足问题显现。1999-2005年,浙江省产业、人口和土地非农化的整体协调耦合度由0.54增至0.69,增幅为0.15,而2005-2011年增幅为0.07,不足前期一半。各个地级市中,只有宁波和湖州2005年之前和之后
的D值增量降幅较小,分别相差0.01和0.02,温州、绍兴和金华后半期D值增量为前半期的三分之一左右,舟山、台州和丽水的增量降幅更大。随着协调耦合度绝对量的增大,D值增速降低应属正常现象,但多数城市增量下降过大、过早。如浙江南部五市2005年之后D值仍有十分大的上升空间和必要,而温州、衢州和台州2007年之后D值上升趋于停滞,协调耦合度最低的丽水市在2010年一度出现倒退现象。其他城市协调耦合度处于相似水平时,上升速度要快得多。反映出,促进浙江省产业、人口和土地协调非农化的难度在上升。
2.2 浙江省非农产业、人口与建成区面积的重心转移
2.3 产业、人口与土地非农化协调耦合度的影响因素
地区经济社会发展水平和自然资源条件显著影响城市化状况[2, 15-16]。本文选取人均GDP、人均财政收入代表地区经济发展水平,人均公共服务支出、第一产业从业比例、城镇居民人均可支配收入和农民人均纯收入代表社会发展水平,人均土地面积(浙江省矿产、能源资源匮乏)代表资源禀赋,运用皮尔逊(Pearson)双尾相关性检验,分析与2011年浙江省产业、人口和土地非农化协调耦合度的相关性。各因素P值和皮尔逊相关系数见表3。表中指标都通过了显著性检验,其中代表地区经济发展水平与效率的人均GDP和人均财政收入与产业、人口、土地非农化协调耦合度呈高度正相关。经济发展会吸引农村人口流向城市,提高人口城镇化率[14],并在带动城市用地扩张的同时增加单位土地投入和产出能力[17]。因此,提高经济发展水平是促进区域产业、人口和土地协调非农化的基本动力。
农民人均纯收入、城镇居民人均可支配收入和人均公共服务支出等社会因素对城市化三要素的协调耦合度具有显著正相关作用,第一产业占社会总就业比重与其呈负相关关系。由于浙江省农民兼业化普遍,农民收入水平越高,一定程度上说明农民非农就业参与程度越高,非农化倾向越大,同时增强了其向城市迁移的能力。城镇居民人均可支配收入高意味着城市对农民具有更大的吸引力,促进人口向城市迁移。人均公共服务支出可以体现地区社会保障水平和公共服务质量,有利于人口城镇化。人口城镇化与经济发展存在互为因果的关系[19],二三产业就业容量和比例的上升可以保障农民进城就业与收入,充足的
劳动力供给又促进了城市经济发展和城市土地利用需求与方式的改变。浙北地区相对南部地区较高的农民和城镇居民收入、二三产业就业比例和公共服务支出水平更好地促进了产业、人口和土地的协调非农化。
人均土地面积对协调耦合度具有负相关作用,可能的解释是良好的土地资源禀赋刺激城市土地低效扩张,而农民拥有较多土地又会牵制其向城市迁移,阻碍人口城市化。如南部的丽水市是浙江省人均土地面积最大的地级市,其2011城市建成区面积是1999的3.52倍,扩张速度仅次于绍兴市,而非农人口仅占总人口17.2%,是浙江省各市中最低的。该市产业、人口和土地非农化尚处低协调耦合等级,居全省末位。
3 结 论
产业、人口与土地非农化是城市化的基本内涵,结合运用协调耦合度模型和重心法,可以有效评价区域产业、人口、土地非农化过程的综合协调共生性和地区平衡性。对浙江省的研究发现,1999-2011年,研究区产业、人口和土地非农化的协调耦合度得到较快提升,全省由中协调耦合上升为较协调耦合等级,说明各要素之间正趋向互促互进、相得益彰的良性有序发展。各地级市的协调耦合度都实现了升级,其中嘉兴和宁波一跃从中协调耦合跨入高协调耦合。但在协调发展水平整体提高的同时,地区差距未得到有效弥合,“北高南低,南北分化”明显,其中丽水仍处于低协调耦合状态,台州、衢州尚处于中协调耦合等级;地区不平衡未得到有效改善,西北部人口非农化速度领先、东北部产业非农化较快、中南部土地非农化超前,限制综合协调耦合度的提高。
2005年之后,研究区产业、人口与土地协调耦合度提升速度大幅放缓,但特别是在南部诸市和湖州等市,仍有很大的提升空间和必要。协调耦合度和重心分布状况及对相关影响因素的分析启示我们,今后产业、人口和土地非农化协调性的提高将依赖于各要素间非农化相互作用和地区平衡性的改善。具体而言:①对于产业非农化较快的东北部地区,应加快产业升级转型,提高经济发展质量,推进城乡一体化建设,促进城乡居民共同分享经济发展成果;②对于人口非农化领先的西北部地区,优先发展第三产业,增加就业,扩大失业、住房等社会保障覆盖面,推进进城农民工的市民化进程;③对于产业与人口非农化相对滞后、土地非农化超前的中南部地区,在巩固农业、提高农业效益的同时,积极促进二三产业发展,增加非农就业,改进公共服务,完善社会保障,吸引农村剩余劳动向城市流动。另一方面,通过规划、用途管制等改善土地利用管理,控制城市低效蔓延。
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Abstract Deagriculturalization of industry, population and land use is the major connotation and outward manifestation of urbanization. And whether the nonagricultural process of the three key elements is well coordinated is Vitally important to the sustainability of urbanization. This paper quantitatively evaluated the coordinated coupling degree and special nonagricultural balance of the industry, population and land use in Zhejiang Province from 1999 to 2011 by using coordinated coupling model and centroid method, and analyzed the affecting factors through Pearson correlation test. The results indicate that: ① the coordinated coupling degree (CCD) of industry, population and land use deagriculturalization had achieved continuous improvement in Zhejiang which increased from 0.54 to 0.76 and entered a higher level, while an obvious gap existed between north Zhejiang and the south presenting a feature of “high north and low south”. ② After 2005, the improving velocity of CCD had slowed down sharply, implicating the increasing difficulty of promoting the coordination of the three elements during nonagricultural process. ③ Regional imbalance hadnt been effectively controlled. Specifically, northwestern Zhejiang is the fastest in population urbanization, and the northeast is the fastest area in industry deagriculturalization, while land use conversion in middle and southern Zhejiang is apparently in advance. The resisting spatial mismatch was playing a negative role in harmonious urbanization. ④ The levels of economy, resident income and public services, employment structure and land resource endowment are significant correlative factors to CCD. The further promotion of CCD relies on ameliorating the interactions among the elements of urbanization and the spatial balance. Specifically, the northeastern Zhejiang needs to focus on industrial updating and urbanrural integration, while northwest on the social security coverage and citizenization of migrant workers. For the middle and southern regions, apart from developing agriculture, more attention should be paid to expand secondary and tertiary industries, raise the standard of public services to absorb rural surplus labors, Optimize land use administration for urban sprawl control.
Key words urbanization; industrial deagriculturalization; population urbanization; land use conversion; coordination; Zhejiang Province
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[18]宋伟,陈百明,张英.中国村庄宅基地空心化评价及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28. [Song Wei, Chen Baiming, Zhang Ying. Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Villagehollowing of Rural Housing Land in China [J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(1):20-28. ]
[19]Lewis W A. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor [J]. The Manchester School, 1954, 22(2):139-191.
Abstract Deagriculturalization of industry, population and land use is the major connotation and outward manifestation of urbanization. And whether the nonagricultural process of the three key elements is well coordinated is Vitally important to the sustainability of urbanization. This paper quantitatively evaluated the coordinated coupling degree and special nonagricultural balance of the industry, population and land use in Zhejiang Province from 1999 to 2011 by using coordinated coupling model and centroid method, and analyzed the affecting factors through Pearson correlation test. The results indicate that: ① the coordinated coupling degree (CCD) of industry, population and land use deagriculturalization had achieved continuous improvement in Zhejiang which increased from 0.54 to 0.76 and entered a higher level, while an obvious gap existed between north Zhejiang and the south presenting a feature of “high north and low south”. ② After 2005, the improving velocity of CCD had slowed down sharply, implicating the increasing difficulty of promoting the coordination of the three elements during nonagricultural process. ③ Regional imbalance hadnt been effectively controlled. Specifically, northwestern Zhejiang is the fastest in population urbanization, and the northeast is the fastest area in industry deagriculturalization, while land use conversion in middle and southern Zhejiang is apparently in advance. The resisting spatial mismatch was playing a negative role in harmonious urbanization. ④ The levels of economy, resident income and public services, employment structure and land resource endowment are significant correlative factors to CCD. The further promotion of CCD relies on ameliorating the interactions among the elements of urbanization and the spatial balance. Specifically, the northeastern Zhejiang needs to focus on industrial updating and urbanrural integration, while northwest on the social security coverage and citizenization of migrant workers. For the middle and southern regions, apart from developing agriculture, more attention should be paid to expand secondary and tertiary industries, raise the standard of public services to absorb rural surplus labors, Optimize land use administration for urban sprawl control.
Key words urbanization; industrial deagriculturalization; population urbanization; land use conversion; coordination; Zhejiang Province
[17]曹广忠,白晓.中国城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异及影响因素:基于273个地级及以上城市的分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(2):12-18.[Cao Guangzhong, Bai Xiao. On the Location Difference and Influencing Factors of the Economic Density of Urban Construction Land in China: Evidence from 273 Prefecturelevel Cities [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010, 20(2):12-18.]
[18]宋伟,陈百明,张英.中国村庄宅基地空心化评价及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28. [Song Wei, Chen Baiming, Zhang Ying. Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Villagehollowing of Rural Housing Land in China [J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(1):20-28. ]
[19]Lewis W A. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor [J]. The Manchester School, 1954, 22(2):139-191.
Abstract Deagriculturalization of industry, population and land use is the major connotation and outward manifestation of urbanization. And whether the nonagricultural process of the three key elements is well coordinated is Vitally important to the sustainability of urbanization. This paper quantitatively evaluated the coordinated coupling degree and special nonagricultural balance of the industry, population and land use in Zhejiang Province from 1999 to 2011 by using coordinated coupling model and centroid method, and analyzed the affecting factors through Pearson correlation test. The results indicate that: ① the coordinated coupling degree (CCD) of industry, population and land use deagriculturalization had achieved continuous improvement in Zhejiang which increased from 0.54 to 0.76 and entered a higher level, while an obvious gap existed between north Zhejiang and the south presenting a feature of “high north and low south”. ② After 2005, the improving velocity of CCD had slowed down sharply, implicating the increasing difficulty of promoting the coordination of the three elements during nonagricultural process. ③ Regional imbalance hadnt been effectively controlled. Specifically, northwestern Zhejiang is the fastest in population urbanization, and the northeast is the fastest area in industry deagriculturalization, while land use conversion in middle and southern Zhejiang is apparently in advance. The resisting spatial mismatch was playing a negative role in harmonious urbanization. ④ The levels of economy, resident income and public services, employment structure and land resource endowment are significant correlative factors to CCD. The further promotion of CCD relies on ameliorating the interactions among the elements of urbanization and the spatial balance. Specifically, the northeastern Zhejiang needs to focus on industrial updating and urbanrural integration, while northwest on the social security coverage and citizenization of migrant workers. For the middle and southern regions, apart from developing agriculture, more attention should be paid to expand secondary and tertiary industries, raise the standard of public services to absorb rural surplus labors, Optimize land use administration for urban sprawl control.
Key words urbanization; industrial deagriculturalization; population urbanization; land use conversion; coordination; Zhejiang Province