经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的疗效观察

2014-09-02 04:30钟志安
中国现代医生 2014年23期
关键词:急性心肌梗死

钟志安

[摘要] 目的 研究分析经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的疗效。方法 选择2011年1月~2013年6月收治的急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的70例患者为研究对象,将其分为实验组和对照组,各35例。实验组患者使用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,对照组患者使用药物治疗,观察比较两组平均住院时间、血管开通率、心功能恢复情况及病死率。结果 治疗后在平均住院时间及病死率方面,实验组均明显少于对照组(P<0.05),而在血管开通率及心功能恢复情况方面,实验组均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克,较药物治疗住院时间少,血管开通率高,心功能恢复好,病死率低,安全有效,可作为治疗首选方案。

[关键词] 经皮冠状动脉;急性心肌梗死;心源性休克

[中图分类号] R542.22 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)23-0132-03

[Abstract] Objective To study and analyze the curative effect on acute myocardial infarction patients combined cardiac shock by percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods All 70 cases acute myocardial infarction patients combined cardiac shock treated from January 2011 to June 2013 were chosen as the research objects. They were divided into the experiment group and the control group, 35 cases in each group. The experiment group patients were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention, the control group patients were treated by drugs. The average length of hospital stay, blood vessels reperfusion rate, cardiac function recovery and case fatality rate of two groups were compared. Results After the treatment,the average hospitalization time and mortality rate of the experimental group were significantly less than that of the control group(P<0.05), and the patency rate and heart function of the experiment group was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05). Conclusion The curative effect on percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock is sure,it is better than that treated by drugs, the mortality rate is low, safe and effective,it can be used as the treatment of choice.

[Key words] Percutaneous coronary intervention;Acute myocardial infarction;Cardiogenic shock

据报道,急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克是心肌梗死患者死亡的最主要原因[1]。患者发生急性心肌梗死后,如果心脏左心室损伤面积逐渐增加达40%以上时,心脏泵血将受到严重损害,继而发生泵衰竭,发展为心源性休克[2]。治疗方法一般使用药物及基本治疗,但统计发现该治疗方法患者病死率高,并且虽然可以减少心源性休克发生率,但是一旦发生,患者会发生循环功能障碍。近几年发现,使用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)病死率低,并且能够使血管开通率提高,心肌循环血量恢复,心肌功能恢复,改善患者治疗后的生活[3]。本次试验以我院收治的70例急性心肌梗死患者的临床资料研究讨论,比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗与药物及一般治疗治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的效果,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

2011年1月~2013年6月我院收治了70例AMI并心源性休克的患者,诊断标准有:AMI表现:心电图ST段升高、心肌肌钙蛋白量增加、收缩压≤80 mmHg、舒张压 <60 mmHg;临床表现:胸痛、烦躁、大汗、四肢冰冷、意识模糊等,将其随机分成两组,即实验组和对照组各35例。实验组男18例,女17例,年龄53~78岁,平均(55.4±19.5)岁,对照组男20例,女15例,年龄56~80岁,平均(57.9±20.4)岁。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

1.2 方法

对照组35例患者均在 12 h 内进行治疗,行药物及一般治疗,药物具体操作为静脉输液混有尿激酶100~150万U的100 mL生理盐水,一般治疗具体操作为抗休克、镇痛、氧疗、纠正心律失常等;实验组患者,17例患者胸痛发作后12 h内行手术,18例患者胸痛后12 h以上行手术,行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,手术前先服用适量阿司匹林及氯吡格雷,其具体操作为经皮肤穿刺股动脉置管,选择合适的冠状动脉导引管、导丝、球囊导管及支架,其依据[4]是利用冠状动脉造影及血流分级法评估血管狭窄程度,之后在冠状动脉阻塞处用导丝疏通,并且注入100~200 μg硝酸甘油。支架可以直接置入或者预先扩张血管后再置入。endprint

1.3 观察指标

血管开通率方面,对于实验组,通过心肌梗死试验血流分级[5](TIMI)0~3级作为指标,若TIMI血流2级以上及残余狭窄<30%为血管开通成功;对于对照组,通过观察冠状动脉恢复通畅的间接表现作为指标,表现如心电图、心肌酶及临床症状来判定血管开通成功。心功能恢复方面,通过测左心室射血分数(LVEF)作为指标,LVEF越高则心脏功能恢复得越好。观察比较两组的平均住院时间、血管开通率、心功能恢复情况及病死率。

1.4 统计学方法

应用 SPSS15.0软件分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t 检验;计数资料用百分比表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1不同时间行PCI的疗效比较

将实验组分为两组,在不同时间段行PCI技术,除1例于住院期间休克死亡、另1例于手术后出院后病情反复死亡外,其余全部存活,见表1。

3 讨论

心肌梗死患者死亡的主要原因是心源性休克的发生,而治疗后患者再次发病大都由于血管开通得不够充分或再次闭塞[6]。据研究显示,及早充分并持续地维持患者冠状动脉的疏通又是治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的关键[7]。近几年的治疗方法包括两种,即经皮冠状动脉介入治疗和药物[8]。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗可以及早充分并持续维持冠状动脉的开通,挽救濒临死亡的心肌,改善患者治疗后的情况。本报告数据显示,不同时间行PCI治疗效果也有一定差距,≤12 h组的血管开通率及LVEF即心肌功能恢复率均高于>12 h组。因此,行经皮冠状动脉的时间越早越好,冠状动脉开通得越好,挽救濒死心肌细胞的数量越多,心肌坏死的越少,患者存活率越高,心脏的功能恢复情况越好,治疗后的表现越好[9,10]。本研究结果显示,PCI治疗和药物治疗的临床治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的效果有明显区别。在血管开通率方面,实验组明显高于对照组,PCI组血管开通率为96.8%,药物组血管开通率为65.8%。虽然药物治疗对急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的发生率降低有一定的作用,但是若患者再次发生心源性休克,则会导致患者循环系统受损[11-17]。在LVEF即心功能恢复情况方面,实验组较对照组高,PCI组LVEF为(48.3±8.5)%,药物组LVEF为(43.5±4.4)%。在病死率方面,实验组又显著低于对照组,PCI组病死率为5.7%,药物组病死率为18.3%。由此可见,PCI治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者,血管开通率、心肌功能恢复率均高于药物治疗,病死率远低于药物治疗,是一种极有效又安全的治疗方法,可以作为首选方案,值得进一步推广及实施[18]。

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[16] 栾桂霞,赵建. 急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的治疗和死亡原因分析[J]. 吉林医学,2011,32(14):2754-2755.

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[18] 刘瑜,赵玉生,刘光华,等.急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的危险因素分析[J].中华危重病急救医学,2013,25(7):399-402.

(收稿日期:2014-03-14)endprint

[12] Yu Jing,Guo Xuejun. CT obstruction index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism[J]. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2010, 9(4):325-328.

[13] Zhang Jun. The diagnosis value of color doppler ultrasound on deep venous thrombosis[J]. Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2013, 17(6):527-529.

[14] Chen Weimin,Qi Yingjing,Li Yufeng,et al. Study on the significance of color Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis[J]. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,2013,15(8):377-379.

[15] Feng Ying,Yang Wenting,Wang Xiaoxia,et al. Clinical analysis of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients complicated with pulmonary embolism[J]. West China Medical Journal,2013,13(8):452-455.

[16] 栾桂霞,赵建. 急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的治疗和死亡原因分析[J]. 吉林医学,2011,32(14):2754-2755.

[17] Shpektor A. Cardiogenic shock:The role of inflammation[J].Acute Card Care,2010,12:115-118.

[18] 刘瑜,赵玉生,刘光华,等.急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的危险因素分析[J].中华危重病急救医学,2013,25(7):399-402.

(收稿日期:2014-03-14)endprint

[12] Yu Jing,Guo Xuejun. CT obstruction index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism[J]. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2010, 9(4):325-328.

[13] Zhang Jun. The diagnosis value of color doppler ultrasound on deep venous thrombosis[J]. Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2013, 17(6):527-529.

[14] Chen Weimin,Qi Yingjing,Li Yufeng,et al. Study on the significance of color Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis[J]. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,2013,15(8):377-379.

[15] Feng Ying,Yang Wenting,Wang Xiaoxia,et al. Clinical analysis of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients complicated with pulmonary embolism[J]. West China Medical Journal,2013,13(8):452-455.

[16] 栾桂霞,赵建. 急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的治疗和死亡原因分析[J]. 吉林医学,2011,32(14):2754-2755.

[17] Shpektor A. Cardiogenic shock:The role of inflammation[J].Acute Card Care,2010,12:115-118.

[18] 刘瑜,赵玉生,刘光华,等.急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的危险因素分析[J].中华危重病急救医学,2013,25(7):399-402.

(收稿日期:2014-03-14)endprint

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