杨等明
摘要::指出了二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)是强烈致癌物质亚硝胺中的一种,近年来研究发现饮用水氯化消毒之后会产生NMDA,引起了人们广泛关注。介绍了NDMA的理化性质及其形成机制,阐述了去除NDMA的几种方法,并展望了今后的研究方向。
关键词:二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA);形成机制;处理技术
中图分类号:X501
文献标识码:A 文章编号:16749944(2014)06015304
1 引言
2 NDMA形成机制
2.1 NDMA基本性质
3.5 生物降解作用
NDMA还可被生物降解。在一个有氧的填充丙烷的膜生物反应器中培养赤红球菌EV425[18],当NDMA以8μg/L~80μg/L的浓度范围流入反应器中,经4个月以上的降解后,流出的NDMA的浓度小于10ng/L,该处理技术对NDMA的去除率达到了99.9%以上,有效地去除了NDMA。当向水中加入三氯乙烯时,会导致出水时NDMA浓度很显著迅速增加,这是因为三氯乙烯使生物细胞中毒,使生物活性降低。所以若水中含有三氯乙烯时,应在水进反应器前,先对水进行预处理,将水中的三氯乙烯处理掉。总之,填充丙烷的膜生物反应器处理法也是一种去除NDMA的可行的处理技术,但是这种方法的处理周期很长并且它的工艺化与经济可行性仍有待进一步考虑。
3.6 金属还原法
曾经有研究使用零价铁来催化还原NDMA[19],产物是DMA和铵,反应符合模拟的一级动力学,但是要比还原卤素化合物慢得多,半衰期达到13h。比较长的半衰期就要求比较大的反应床体积来提供足够的接触时间,因此用铁催化还原不实用。用镍联合铁来还原可以加快反应速率[20]。
Matthew等使用粉末状的金属催化氢气来还原水中的NDMA[21],其中胺基发生断裂还原成DMA。实验采用双金属催化剂,将两种表面活性不同的金属联合使用以获得较好的反应效果。实验表明,当使用10mg/L的粉末状钯、铜/钯、镍进行催化时,NDMA的降解半衰期大概是小时数量级。对于起始浓度为100mg/L的NDMA,所用反应都呈模拟的一级动力学变化。虽然金属联合使用能有效降解NDMA,但是安全问题可能会限制金属催化还原法的应用。
4 展望
NDMA处理方法大都是属于末端处理,加强对水源的保护,提高人们对环境的保护意识,可从根本上减小对饮用水的氯化消毒强度,亦会减少NDMA的形成。
探讨饮用水氯化消毒时NDMA形成机制,通过对在氯化消毒时条件的适当控制减少NDMA的产生。DMA是NDMA重要的前体物,可先通过预处理先将DMA除去,再进行氯化消毒,或将条件控制在抑制NDMA生成的条件下。
另外采用技术组合起来对饮用水进行处理,可大大提高NDMA的去除率。如将紫外线与臭氧结合起来对饮用水进行处理,不仅NDMA的去除率会大大提高,而且还会大大抑制NDMA的再生[22]。
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[13]徐冰冰,陈忠林,齐 飞.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黄露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,Fei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint
[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陈忠林,齐 飞.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黄露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,Fei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint
[9]X.Dong,C.H.F.Zhou,M.B.Yue,etal.New appli-cation of hierarchical zeolite in life science:fast trapping nitrosamines in artificial gastric juice by alkaline-tailored HZSM-5[J].Mater,Lett,2007,61:3154~3158.
[10] Xiaodong Dai,Linda Zou,Zifeng Yan,etal.Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons[J]. Hazardous Materials ,2009,168:51~56.
[11]Stefan M I, Bolton J R. UV direct photolysis of N-ni-trosodimethylamine (NDMA) : kinetic and product study[J]. Helv Chim Acta, 2002, 85 (5) : 1416~1426.
[12]Lee C, ChoiW, Kim Y G, et al. UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: dual pathways to methylamine versus dimethylamine [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39 (7) : 2101~2106.
[13]徐冰冰,陈忠林,齐 飞.紫外光降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1908~1913.
[14]黄露溪,沈吉敏,徐冰冰. UV /H2O2 降解水中痕量NDMA的效能研究[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(5):104~108.
[15]Sedlak D L, Kavanaugh M. Removal and destruction of NDMA and NDMA precursors during wastewater treatment [J]. Wa-teReuse Foundation,Alexandria,VA, 2006, 25: 1468~1477.
[16]Steinle-Darling E,Marco Z, Plummee M H. Evaluating the impacts of membrane type, coating, fouling, chemical properties and water chemistry on reverse osmosis rejection of seven nitro- soalklyamines, including NDMA [J]. Water Res , 2007, 41 (17) : 3959~3967.
[17]Changha Lee,Yunho Lee,Carsten Schmidt,etal. Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): Kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters[J].WATER RESEARCH,2008,42:433~441.
[18]Paul B.Hatzinger,Charles Condee,Kevin R.McClay,etal. Aerobic treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a propane-fed membrane bioreactor[J].WATER RESEARCH,2011,45:254~262.
[19]Laigui, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Path-ways and Kinetics [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 (16):3489~3494.
[20]Laigul, Robertw G, Marek S. Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel2Enhanced Iron. 2. Mecha-nistic Studies [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2000, 34 ( 16 ) : 3495~3500.
[21]Matthew G, Martin R, Johnr S. Metal-Catalyzed Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Hydrogen in Water [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol , 2006, 40 (23) : 7329~7335.
[22]Bingbing Xu,Zhonglin Chen,Fei Qi,etal. Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168:108~114.
Research Progress of Formation Mechanism of NDMA in
Drinking Water and Treatment Techniques
Yang Ming1, Dai Tianling2, Ge Mengru2, Tian Wanming2, Li Lei2
(1. Anhui Environmental Science Insitute, Hefei 230000, China;
2. School of Environmental Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
)
Abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) belongs to the nitrosamines which is a family of extremely potent carcinogens. The recent research finds that NDMA will be formed after chlorine disinfection of drinking water. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties and formation mechanism of NDMA, dicusses its removal methods, and prospects its research trends.
Key words: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); formation mechanism; removal technologiesendprint