马驰翔
【摘 要】本文主要考虑无线通信系统中经过无线衰落信道传播后的信号在多天线接收机中帧检测与同步的问题。本文在信号检测过程中引入了利用天线分集和时间分集的不同信号合并算法,通过对上述算法在瑞利衰落信道下的接收性能的理论分析和仿真分析来进行研究。
【关键词】帧检测;分集接收;合并算法
【Abstract】In this paper, we consider the problem of frame detection by using multiple antennas over wireless fading channels. We introduce frame detection with different combining schemes including space diversity and time diversity, performance of which is studied for the Rayleigh fading channel using both theoretical analysis and simulations.
【Key words】Frame detection; Diversity reception; Combining algorithm
0 引言
在无线通信系统中,同步是非常重要的,尤其在信号受到无线衰落信道干扰后依然需要检测信号是否存在并可被接收。在这种场景下,能量检测接收是比较合理的方式,因为能量检测有着优秀的检测性能,并且对于系统架构要求较低[1]。能量检测接收机检测接收信号的能量,并且把接收信号的能量与预设的阈值进行比较,而预设的阈值则与虚警概率有关系。
Urkowitz[2]研究了确定信号的能量检测问题,在该研究中假定信号传输通过平坦衰落和带限高斯白噪声信道。特别的Urkowitz通过应用采样定理和χ2分布得到了检测概率与虚警概率之间的关系。Kostylev[3]研究了类似的问题,即当无线信号传输经过了可变衰落信道时的信号接收检测同步问题。在瑞利衰落信道下的检测概率通过公式闭式表示后,莱斯衰落信道和Nakagami衰落信道下的检测概率也可以通过公式来闭式表达。 本文中在信号检测过程中引入了利用天线分集和时间分集的不同信号合并算法。本论文中会衡量和比较经过衰落信道的接收信号基于选择合并、等增益合并、最大比合并和多帧合并等信号检测概率和漏检概率。
论文其余部分按如下架构撰写。第1部分中介绍了信道模型和LTE 中的主同步信号。第2部分介绍了匹配滤波器和基于最大比合并方案的帧检测同步算法。最后在第3部分给出了本文的结果。
1 系统模型
经过瑞利衰落信道接收到的复数包络可以用下式表示:
其中xk是能量为Ex,周期为Tx的发射符号。yk,i 是第i个接收天线上的接收符号。hk,i是信道增益, nk,i表示方差为No的零均值复高斯白噪声。N是帧长。接收天线数是Nr。假定信道增益hk在一个符号周期里保持恒定,且拥有归一化的平均功率,也就是E{hkhk*}=1。最后我们假定星座集合及大小是X and |X|。
1.1 信道模型
信道动态特性用一阶高斯马尔可夫过程[4-6]:
其中fdTx是最大归一化多普勒频率J0(·)是零阶第一类贝塞尔函数。尽管如此,利用公式(2)中简化的一阶高斯马尔可夫模型,hk的归一化自相关特性是:
其中Mr决定了滑动窗口的宽度。对于一个给定的fd,系数ρ随着Mr变化。表一显示了在不同归一化多普勒频率fdTx下的最优ρ值。更重要的是当信道是快速时变,系数ρ是接近于一的,并且是在[0.999, 0.99999]这个区间的。这个事实对于相干检测和非相干检测的性能分析是非常重要的。
1.2 主同步序列
本节描述了LTE中同步使用的训练序列。本论文中第六部分的仿真利用主同步序列来比较基于不同合并方案的帧检测算法性能。
主同步序列利用du(n)产生频域Zadoff-Chu (ZC)序列[8]
2 帧检测
主同步序列的功能是在初始阶段没有已知信号时,在接收侧使用非相干检测算法来检测帧的。匹配滤波器是一种基本的非相干检测算法,而且可以有效地检测主同步序列。
2.1 匹配滤波器
公式(6)中的序列印射到频域子载波,并通过傅立叶反变换转到时域。为了在接收侧检测此时域信号,对Zadoff-Chu序列信号进行时域相关:
2.2 最大比合并
本节描述了基于最大比合并方案的帧同步检测算法。最大比合并方案的权重系数是与SNR相关。
公式(8)获得匹配滤波器的相关输出,经过时变衰落信道后接收信号的归一化相关表示为:
当有多路接收信号时,每一路接收信号可以获得相应的归一化相关值和SNR。进一步的,多路接收信号可以被用来提高帧检测性能。选择合并方案选择多路接收信号中SNR最大的一路接收信号。等增益合并方案则对所有各路接收信号求和。只有最大比合并方案需要用SNR计算权重系数。
3 结论
本论文讨论了基于空间分集和时间分集的帧同步检测问题。首先文中定义了问题并推导了数学模型。匹配滤波器是一种帧检测中的常用基本实现方法。文中还给出了如何在帧检测中使用最大比合并方案,并且简单介绍了帧检测中的选择合并方案和等增益合并方案。文中推导了基于不同合并方案的帧检测算法输出信号。
【参考文献】
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[2]H. Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministc signals. Proc[Z]. IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967.
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[4]M. Dong, L. Tong and B. M. Sadler, Optimal insertion of pilot symbols for transmissions over time-varying flat fading channels[Z]. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces., vol. 52, pp. 1403-1418, May 2004.
[5]D. Morales-Jimenez, J. F. Paris and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Performance tradeoffs among low-complexity detection algorithms for MIMO-LTE receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 22, pp. 885-897, Jul. 2009.
[6]S.-Y. Jung, Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra-wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., to be appear.
[7]G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication[Z]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2ed, 2001.
[8]3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radioS access (E-UTRA); physical channels and modulation(release 8)[Z]. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009.
[9]S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice[Z]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009.
[责任编辑:杨玉洁]
[2]H. Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministc signals. Proc[Z]. IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967.
[3]V. I. Kostylev, Energy detection of a signal with random amplitude. Proc[Z]. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC02), New York, May, 2002, pp. 1606-1610.
[4]M. Dong, L. Tong and B. M. Sadler, Optimal insertion of pilot symbols for transmissions over time-varying flat fading channels[Z]. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces., vol. 52, pp. 1403-1418, May 2004.
[5]D. Morales-Jimenez, J. F. Paris and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Performance tradeoffs among low-complexity detection algorithms for MIMO-LTE receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 22, pp. 885-897, Jul. 2009.
[6]S.-Y. Jung, Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra-wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., to be appear.
[7]G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication[Z]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2ed, 2001.
[8]3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radioS access (E-UTRA); physical channels and modulation(release 8)[Z]. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009.
[9]S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice[Z]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009.
[责任编辑:杨玉洁]
[2]H. Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministc signals. Proc[Z]. IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967.
[3]V. I. Kostylev, Energy detection of a signal with random amplitude. Proc[Z]. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC02), New York, May, 2002, pp. 1606-1610.
[4]M. Dong, L. Tong and B. M. Sadler, Optimal insertion of pilot symbols for transmissions over time-varying flat fading channels[Z]. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces., vol. 52, pp. 1403-1418, May 2004.
[5]D. Morales-Jimenez, J. F. Paris and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Performance tradeoffs among low-complexity detection algorithms for MIMO-LTE receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 22, pp. 885-897, Jul. 2009.
[6]S.-Y. Jung, Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra-wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., to be appear.
[7]G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication[Z]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2ed, 2001.
[8]3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radioS access (E-UTRA); physical channels and modulation(release 8)[Z]. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009.
[9]S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice[Z]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009.
[责任编辑:杨玉洁]