段春兰+张爱民
[摘要] 自身免疫性胰腺炎是由免疫炎症介导,以腹部不适、梗阻性黄疸等为主要临床表现的特殊类型的胰腺炎。其以胰腺肿大、胰管不规则狭窄为特征,常伴有血清IgG4升高、高球蛋白血症及自身抗体阳性。根据病理学特征分为1型和2型,对糖皮质激素治疗敏感。
[关键词] 自身免疫性胰腺炎;诊断标准;激素治疗
[中图分类号] R657.5+1[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)05(a)-0189-03
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis
DUAN Chun-lan ZHANG Ai-min
Department of Gastroenterology,the First Hospital Affiliated to Baotou Medical College,Baotou 014010,China
[Abstract] Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special type of pancreatitis and it is mediated by immune inflammatory,abdominal discomfort, obstructive jaundice is the main clinical manifestations of AIP,and it is characterized by the swelling of the pancreas and the irregular stenosis of pancreatic duct,it often accompanied by elevated serum IgG4,hypergammaglobulinemia and positive autoantibodies.According to the pathological features,it is divided into type 1 and type 2,it is sensitive to glucocorticoid therapy.
[Key words] Autoimmune pancreatitis;Diagnostic criteria;Hormone therapy
自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP)是IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-related disease,IgG4-RD)在胰腺的局部表现,有独特的临床、影像学和组织病理学特点。除胰腺受累外,还可累及胆管、泪腺、涎腺、腹膜后、肾、肺等。Sarles等[1]于1961 年首先对本病进行了报道,但“自身免疫性胰腺炎”的概念直到1995年才由Yoshida等[2]正式提出。在2001年,AIP被作为慢性胰腺炎的一种独立分型而存在[3]。由于AIP易被误诊为胰腺癌而导致不必要的手术,近年来逐渐引起重视。现将AIP的诊断及治疗进展综述如下。
1 流行病学
AIP在全球范围散在分布,目前以日本报道最多,韩国、欧美也有报道。据流行病学调查,AIP发病率相对较低,男女患者比例约为2∶1,平均发病年龄大于55岁[4]。2004年,我国唐令诠等[5]首次报道1例AIP患者,该患者有组织学证据且对泼尼松等糖皮质激素反应良好,提示我国也存在AIP。近年来关于AIP的报道逐渐增多,我国大陆[6]和台湾地区[7]都有报道。
2 发病机制
AIP的发生与自身免疫相关[8],可合并多种免疫性疾病,如干燥综合征、炎症性肠病、原发性硬化性胆管炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化和自身免疫性肝炎等。免疫学异常包括高球蛋白血症、IgG4升高, 抗核抗体、抗碳酸酐酶抗体、类风湿因子、抗淀粉酶α-2A 抗体[9]、抗乳铁蛋白抗体等自身抗体阳性。AIP患者胰腺组织及外周血中CD4+及CD8+T 细胞显著增加,说明AIP 的发生与细胞、体液免疫有关[10]。研究[11]发现,人类白细胞抗原HLA DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401是日本人群AIP的易感基因,推测该病有遗传因素的参与。有实验证明,幽门螺杆菌在AIP的发生、发展中亦起一定作用。同时AIP患者高水平的循环免疫复合物可能通过激活补体系统而导致组织器官损伤。
3 分型及临床特点
AIP起病隐匿,根据病理学特征分为1型和2 型。目前全球所报道AIP以1型为主。1型病例以男性为主,与IgG4相关,病理表现为间质纤维化,淋巴浆细胞浸润,故亦称淋巴浆细胞硬化性胰腺炎(LPSP)。常伴有胰腺外损害,如腹膜后纤维化或硬化性胆管炎等。2 型病例性别无明显差异,最大的不同点在于伴有粒细胞上皮的损害,因而亦称特发性导管中心性胰腺炎(IDCP)[12]。
AIP的临床表现缺乏特异性,可能因上腹痛、黄疸等症状而就诊[13-14],有65%~83%[15]的病例表现为梗阻性黄疸,轻微腹痛,通常无急性胰腺炎表现;糖尿病在AIP患者中的发生率可高达50%[16];实验室检查示血清IgG4升高、高球蛋白血症及自身抗体阳性;B超或CT显示胰腺实质弥散性增大,呈腊肠样改变;磁共振胰胆管造影术上可看到主胰管弥漫性变细[17];MRCP或ERCP示主胰管多发的不规则狭窄,可伴有胆管狭窄,呈硬化性胆管炎表现;胰腺活检可见胰腺弥漫性淋巴浆细胞浸润,组织间隙纤维化, 腺泡萎缩,并可累及腹膜后胰腺组织;胰腺外分泌功能可逆性受损,可继发糖尿病;对激素治疗有效。
4 诊断标准及比较
欧美及亚洲均有各自的诊断标准[18]。2002年,日本胰腺学会首先提出AIP的诊断标准,此后韩国Kim标准[19]、美国HISORt标准[20]相继出现。于2008年推出亚洲标准[21],成为AIP研究发展的一个新起点。2011年,国际胰腺学会整合各国对AIP的诊断意见,再次发布国际诊断标准[22]。诊断标准的变化既反映了人们对AIP认识、研究的发展史,又为AIP的临床诊治提供了更为明确的依据,如表1所示。 表1 国际共识中1型AIP诊断标准5 治疗
口服糖皮质激素是是治疗AIP 的首选药物,一般采取口服泼尼松30~40 mg/d,或按照0.6 mg/(kg·d)选择剂量。起始剂量治疗2~4周后,应结合临床症状、影像学和实验室检查进行综合评价,如效果较好可逐渐减量,以每1~2周减少5 mg为宜,再根据临床表现采用5 mg/d剂量维持。小剂量的激素维持治疗可减少复发,但不能完全阻止复发。据报道[23]AIP的复发率为17%(6%~26%)。对于复发患者,一般都推荐使用原初始剂量或高于原初始剂量的糖皮质激素进行治疗[24]。硫唑嘌呤(AZA)、6-巯基嘌呤(6-MP)或霉酚酸酯 (MMF)等免疫调节剂可用于激素治疗无效的患者。另有学者[25]报道,熊去氧胆酸对AIP也有治疗作用。对于合并胆管感染或怀疑恶性肿瘤的患者,必须行外科手术治疗。
6 小结
综上所述,由于AIP的病因及发病机制尚未明确,发病率较低(占慢性胰腺炎发病的1.86%~6.6%[26-27]),人们对AIP的认识尚有限,易误诊为胰腺癌,所以联合诊断非常重要。相信随着我国对AIP诊治经验的不断丰富,人们对该病的了解将更加全面和系统。
[参考文献]
[1]Sarles H,Sarles JC,Muratore R,et al.Chronic inflammatorysclerosis of the pancreas—an autonomous pancreatic disease?[J].Am J Dig Dis,1961,6:688-698.
[2]Yoshida K,Toki F,Takeuchi T,et al.Chronic pancreatitis causedby an autoimmune abnormality.Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Dig Dis Sci,1995,40(7):1561-1568.
[3]Etemad B,Whitcomb DC.Chronic pancreatifis:diagnosis,classification,and new genetic developments[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(3):682-707.
[4]Okazaki K.Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasing in Japan[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(5):1557-1558.
[5]唐令诠,冯昌宁,蒋智敏.原发性自身免疫性胰腺炎1例报道并文献复习[J].胰腺病学,2004,4(1):41-42.
[6]Song Y,Liu QD,Zhou NX,et al.Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis:experience from China[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(4):601-606.
[7]Tseng CW,Tsai JJ,Chen CC.Abdominal aortitis associatedwith autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,7(1):e3-e4.
[8]冯丽.自身免疫相关胰腺炎[J].国外医学消化疾病分册,2005,25(1):46-48.
[9]Endo T,Takizawa S,Tanaka S,et al.Amylase alpha-2A autoantibodies:novel marker of autoimmune pancreatitis and fulminanttype 1 diabetes[J].Diabetes,2009,58(3):732-737.
[10]Uchida K,Okazaki K,Konishi Y,et al.Chnical analysis of autoimmune-related pancreatitis [J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2788-2794.
[11]Ota M,KatsuyamaY,Hamano H,et al.Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Immunogenetics,2007,59(1):45-52.
[12]Kl■ppel G,Detlefsen S,Chari ST,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis:the clinicopathological characteristics of the subtype with granulocytic epithelial lesions[J].J Gastroenterol,2010,45(8):787-793.
[13]刘全达,周宁新.自身免疫性胰腺炎诊治的研究进展[J].中华医学杂志,2007,87(20):1438-1440.
[14]谭晔,方金洲,杨正汉.自身免疫性胰腺炎影像特征的显示:MRI与CT对照[J].中华放射学杂志,2009,43(8):835-839.
[15]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Autoimmune pancreatitis:proposal of IgG4-related sclerosing disease[J].J Gastroenterol,2006,41(7):613-625.
[16]Finkelberg DL,Sahani D,Deshpande V,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355 (25):2670-2676.
[17]Fukumori K,Shakado S,Miyahara T,et al.Atypical manifestations of pancreatitis with autoimmune phenomenon in an adolescent female[J].Intern Med,2005,44(8):886-891.
[18]吕红,钱家鸣.自身免疫性胰腺炎不同诊断标准的探讨[J].胃肠病学杂志,2009,14(1):4-6.
[19]KimKP,KimMH,KimJC,et al.Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune chronic pancreatitisrevisited[J].World J Gastroenterol,2006,12(16):2487-2496.
[20]Chari ST,Smyrk TC,LevyMJ,et al.Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis:theMayoClinicexperience[J].ClinGastroenterol Hepatol,2006, 4(8):1010-1016.
[21]OtsukiM,ChungJB,Okazaki K,et al.Asian diagnostic criteriafor autoimmunepancreatitis: consensus of the Japan-Korea symposium on autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2008,43(6):403-408.
[22]Shimosegawa T,Chari ST,Frulloni L,et al.International consensusdiagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis:guidelines of the International Association of pancreatology[J]. Pancreas,2011,40(3):352-358.
[23]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2007,42(Suppl 18):S59-S62.
[24]Takayama M,Hamano H,Ochi Y,et al.Recurrent attacks of autoimmune pancreatitis result in pancreatic stone formation[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2004,99(5):932-937.
[25]Tsubakio K,Kiriyama K,Matsushima N,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].Intern Med,2002,41(12):1142-1146.
[26]Dite P,Novotny I,Trna J,et al.Autoimmnue pancreatitis[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gast roenterol,2008,22(1):131-143.
[27]Zamboni G,Luttges J,Capelli P,et al.Histopathological features of diagnostic and clinical relevance in autoimmune pancreatitis:a study on 53 resection specimens and 9 biopsy specimens[J].Virchows Arch,2004,445(6):552-563.
(收稿日期:2014-03-28本文编辑:许俊琴)
[参考文献]
[1]Sarles H,Sarles JC,Muratore R,et al.Chronic inflammatorysclerosis of the pancreas—an autonomous pancreatic disease?[J].Am J Dig Dis,1961,6:688-698.
[2]Yoshida K,Toki F,Takeuchi T,et al.Chronic pancreatitis causedby an autoimmune abnormality.Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Dig Dis Sci,1995,40(7):1561-1568.
[3]Etemad B,Whitcomb DC.Chronic pancreatifis:diagnosis,classification,and new genetic developments[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(3):682-707.
[4]Okazaki K.Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasing in Japan[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(5):1557-1558.
[5]唐令诠,冯昌宁,蒋智敏.原发性自身免疫性胰腺炎1例报道并文献复习[J].胰腺病学,2004,4(1):41-42.
[6]Song Y,Liu QD,Zhou NX,et al.Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis:experience from China[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(4):601-606.
[7]Tseng CW,Tsai JJ,Chen CC.Abdominal aortitis associatedwith autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,7(1):e3-e4.
[8]冯丽.自身免疫相关胰腺炎[J].国外医学消化疾病分册,2005,25(1):46-48.
[9]Endo T,Takizawa S,Tanaka S,et al.Amylase alpha-2A autoantibodies:novel marker of autoimmune pancreatitis and fulminanttype 1 diabetes[J].Diabetes,2009,58(3):732-737.
[10]Uchida K,Okazaki K,Konishi Y,et al.Chnical analysis of autoimmune-related pancreatitis [J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2788-2794.
[11]Ota M,KatsuyamaY,Hamano H,et al.Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Immunogenetics,2007,59(1):45-52.
[12]Kl■ppel G,Detlefsen S,Chari ST,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis:the clinicopathological characteristics of the subtype with granulocytic epithelial lesions[J].J Gastroenterol,2010,45(8):787-793.
[13]刘全达,周宁新.自身免疫性胰腺炎诊治的研究进展[J].中华医学杂志,2007,87(20):1438-1440.
[14]谭晔,方金洲,杨正汉.自身免疫性胰腺炎影像特征的显示:MRI与CT对照[J].中华放射学杂志,2009,43(8):835-839.
[15]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Autoimmune pancreatitis:proposal of IgG4-related sclerosing disease[J].J Gastroenterol,2006,41(7):613-625.
[16]Finkelberg DL,Sahani D,Deshpande V,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355 (25):2670-2676.
[17]Fukumori K,Shakado S,Miyahara T,et al.Atypical manifestations of pancreatitis with autoimmune phenomenon in an adolescent female[J].Intern Med,2005,44(8):886-891.
[18]吕红,钱家鸣.自身免疫性胰腺炎不同诊断标准的探讨[J].胃肠病学杂志,2009,14(1):4-6.
[19]KimKP,KimMH,KimJC,et al.Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune chronic pancreatitisrevisited[J].World J Gastroenterol,2006,12(16):2487-2496.
[20]Chari ST,Smyrk TC,LevyMJ,et al.Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis:theMayoClinicexperience[J].ClinGastroenterol Hepatol,2006, 4(8):1010-1016.
[21]OtsukiM,ChungJB,Okazaki K,et al.Asian diagnostic criteriafor autoimmunepancreatitis: consensus of the Japan-Korea symposium on autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2008,43(6):403-408.
[22]Shimosegawa T,Chari ST,Frulloni L,et al.International consensusdiagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis:guidelines of the International Association of pancreatology[J]. Pancreas,2011,40(3):352-358.
[23]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2007,42(Suppl 18):S59-S62.
[24]Takayama M,Hamano H,Ochi Y,et al.Recurrent attacks of autoimmune pancreatitis result in pancreatic stone formation[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2004,99(5):932-937.
[25]Tsubakio K,Kiriyama K,Matsushima N,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].Intern Med,2002,41(12):1142-1146.
[26]Dite P,Novotny I,Trna J,et al.Autoimmnue pancreatitis[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gast roenterol,2008,22(1):131-143.
[27]Zamboni G,Luttges J,Capelli P,et al.Histopathological features of diagnostic and clinical relevance in autoimmune pancreatitis:a study on 53 resection specimens and 9 biopsy specimens[J].Virchows Arch,2004,445(6):552-563.
(收稿日期:2014-03-28本文编辑:许俊琴)
[参考文献]
[1]Sarles H,Sarles JC,Muratore R,et al.Chronic inflammatorysclerosis of the pancreas—an autonomous pancreatic disease?[J].Am J Dig Dis,1961,6:688-698.
[2]Yoshida K,Toki F,Takeuchi T,et al.Chronic pancreatitis causedby an autoimmune abnormality.Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Dig Dis Sci,1995,40(7):1561-1568.
[3]Etemad B,Whitcomb DC.Chronic pancreatifis:diagnosis,classification,and new genetic developments[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(3):682-707.
[4]Okazaki K.Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasing in Japan[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(5):1557-1558.
[5]唐令诠,冯昌宁,蒋智敏.原发性自身免疫性胰腺炎1例报道并文献复习[J].胰腺病学,2004,4(1):41-42.
[6]Song Y,Liu QD,Zhou NX,et al.Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis:experience from China[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(4):601-606.
[7]Tseng CW,Tsai JJ,Chen CC.Abdominal aortitis associatedwith autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,7(1):e3-e4.
[8]冯丽.自身免疫相关胰腺炎[J].国外医学消化疾病分册,2005,25(1):46-48.
[9]Endo T,Takizawa S,Tanaka S,et al.Amylase alpha-2A autoantibodies:novel marker of autoimmune pancreatitis and fulminanttype 1 diabetes[J].Diabetes,2009,58(3):732-737.
[10]Uchida K,Okazaki K,Konishi Y,et al.Chnical analysis of autoimmune-related pancreatitis [J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2788-2794.
[11]Ota M,KatsuyamaY,Hamano H,et al.Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Immunogenetics,2007,59(1):45-52.
[12]Kl■ppel G,Detlefsen S,Chari ST,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis:the clinicopathological characteristics of the subtype with granulocytic epithelial lesions[J].J Gastroenterol,2010,45(8):787-793.
[13]刘全达,周宁新.自身免疫性胰腺炎诊治的研究进展[J].中华医学杂志,2007,87(20):1438-1440.
[14]谭晔,方金洲,杨正汉.自身免疫性胰腺炎影像特征的显示:MRI与CT对照[J].中华放射学杂志,2009,43(8):835-839.
[15]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Autoimmune pancreatitis:proposal of IgG4-related sclerosing disease[J].J Gastroenterol,2006,41(7):613-625.
[16]Finkelberg DL,Sahani D,Deshpande V,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355 (25):2670-2676.
[17]Fukumori K,Shakado S,Miyahara T,et al.Atypical manifestations of pancreatitis with autoimmune phenomenon in an adolescent female[J].Intern Med,2005,44(8):886-891.
[18]吕红,钱家鸣.自身免疫性胰腺炎不同诊断标准的探讨[J].胃肠病学杂志,2009,14(1):4-6.
[19]KimKP,KimMH,KimJC,et al.Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune chronic pancreatitisrevisited[J].World J Gastroenterol,2006,12(16):2487-2496.
[20]Chari ST,Smyrk TC,LevyMJ,et al.Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis:theMayoClinicexperience[J].ClinGastroenterol Hepatol,2006, 4(8):1010-1016.
[21]OtsukiM,ChungJB,Okazaki K,et al.Asian diagnostic criteriafor autoimmunepancreatitis: consensus of the Japan-Korea symposium on autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2008,43(6):403-408.
[22]Shimosegawa T,Chari ST,Frulloni L,et al.International consensusdiagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis:guidelines of the International Association of pancreatology[J]. Pancreas,2011,40(3):352-358.
[23]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2007,42(Suppl 18):S59-S62.
[24]Takayama M,Hamano H,Ochi Y,et al.Recurrent attacks of autoimmune pancreatitis result in pancreatic stone formation[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2004,99(5):932-937.
[25]Tsubakio K,Kiriyama K,Matsushima N,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].Intern Med,2002,41(12):1142-1146.
[26]Dite P,Novotny I,Trna J,et al.Autoimmnue pancreatitis[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gast roenterol,2008,22(1):131-143.
[27]Zamboni G,Luttges J,Capelli P,et al.Histopathological features of diagnostic and clinical relevance in autoimmune pancreatitis:a study on 53 resection specimens and 9 biopsy specimens[J].Virchows Arch,2004,445(6):552-563.
(收稿日期:2014-03-28本文编辑:许俊琴)