洪雯霞
摘 要 目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者残肾功能、透析充分性对钙磷代谢的影响。方法:选取上海市第六人民医院南院血液透析治疗中心2011年1月-2013年12月病例资料,共92例患者,235例次生化检验数据。血钙、血磷、iPTH分别与单室尿素清除率、残余肾小球滤过率(GFR)作Pearson相关性分析,分别以分组计算作t检验。
关键词 血液透析 残余肾功能 透析充分性 钙磷代谢
中图分类号:R459.5; R692.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)09-0028-03
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of maintenance hemodialysis and dialysis adequacy on the renal function of patients and calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-five cases of biochemical test data involving 92 patients were selected at hemodialysis treatment center of Shanghai Sixth Peoples Hospital during 2011-2013. Serum calcium and phosphorus, iPTH and single pool urea clearance rate residual glomerular filtration rate for the Pearson correlation were analyzed by , GFR grouping calculation for t test. Results: There was a significant correlation in serum calcium, phosphorus with residual renal function but not in serum calcium and phosphorus and iPTH with dialysis adequacy There was a certain correlation between iPTH and residual renal function and a statistically significant difference in phosphorus and iPTH with residual renal function Conclusion: Residual renal function plays an important role in the disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hemodialysis patients and a more active role especially in the removal of serum phosphorus.
KEY WORDS hemodialysis; residual renal function; dialysis adequacy; calcium-phosphorus metabolism
钙磷代谢紊乱作为维持性血液透析患者的常见并发症之一,对患者机体的影响不仅局限于骨骼系统,还可引起异位钙化等。高磷血症可导致患者异位钙盐沉积,刺激血管及瓣膜钙化,引起心律失常和心力衰竭,是血液透析患者心脑血管并发症的独立危险因素。血磷水平每增加1 mg/dl,对冠脉动脉钙化造成的危险性相当于增加2.5年的透析时间,尿毒症患者死亡风险升高18%[1]。影响钙磷代谢的因素较多,如饮食、含钙磷结合剂药物等。本文旨在回顾分析既往血液透析患者检验数据并探讨残余肾功能及透析充分性对钙磷代谢的影响。
3 讨论
钙磷代谢紊乱作为维持性血液透析患者的常见并发症之一,以高磷血症为主要表现。大量的研究结果表明,高磷血症、高钙磷乘积可引起异位钙盐沉积,使心脑血管出现异常钙化,是血液透析患者心脑血管并发症的独立危险因素,并与血液透析患者心血管病死率呈正相关[2-3],有较多的研究表明,高磷血症及高PTH血症患者死亡率及心血管事件发生率高[4-5]。
人体每日排出的钙,约80%由肠道排出,而通过肾脏排出的占20%。而磷则相反,60%~80%通过肾脏排出,通过肠道排出的仅占20%~40%。甲状旁腺素受血钙浓度调节,血钙降低时刺激甲状旁腺素分泌增加,促进肾远曲小管对钙的重吸收,同时抑制对磷的吸收。因此,肾功能对磷的排泄是至关重要的。
通过对血液透析患者血钙、血磷、iPTH与透析充分性的分析研究可得出,血钙、血磷、iPTH与透析充分性无明显相关性(P>0.05),按透析充分性分组作t检验,其差异并无统计学意义,提示患者的血磷清除与透析充分性无显著相关性,这与磷从细胞内释放入血的速度慢相关。虽然血磷酸盐作为血液中的小分子溶质具有较快速的扩散能力,但是磷从细胞内转运入血中的速度远远慢于透析过程中磷的清除速度,因此,无论透析充分性如何,单次血液透析或一周3次透析都不能高效清除患者体内蓄积的磷。
血钙、血磷及iPTH与患者的残余肾功能有明显的相关性血钙差异无统计学意义。血钙在有无残余肾功能的血液透析患者中并无明显差异,这与钙的排泄途径以肠道为主相关,同时,可能与目前活性维生素D及钙剂的广泛应用相关,但限于病例资料的有限,未能作相关的统计分析检验,有待今后进一步收集有关病例资料作统计分析。血磷与残肾功能呈显著的负相关性,提示残余肾功能虽然低下,但在清除磷的能力上仍有血液透析不能比拟的作用,残余肾功能丧失后,血磷会明显增高。综合上述分析可得出,残余肾功能在纠正血液透析患者钙磷代谢紊乱中具有重要的作用。在调节钙磷代谢,尤其在清除血磷方面是目前任何一种透析方式无法替代的[6]。
因此,在维持性血液透析患者治疗中如何保护患者的残肾功能尤为重要,包括避免使用肾毒性药物、非甾体药物;积极控制血压,合理应用RAS阻断剂;合理的超滤,尽可能的平衡残余肾功能与透析充分性之间的关系。同时,应积极治疗原发病,控制血压、纠正贫血及营养不良等[7]。饮食控制磷的摄入和磷结合剂的应用对无论有无残余肾功能患者都是必要的辅助手段,对已丧失残余肾功能的患者,则更加重要。2006年KDOQI指南推荐腹膜透析人群蛋白质摄入量为但有更多的氮平衡研究实验结果显示,对于透析患者维持蛋白质平衡的摄入量大约在。目前临床普遍应用的磷结合剂包括醋酸钙、碳酸钙等,同时,新型的磷结合剂(司维拉姆、碳酸镧等)的应用,不仅取得了良好的降磷效果,同时还有降低患者心血管并发症的发生率,提高生存率等益处。
参考文献
[1] Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(11): 1119-1127.
[2] Noordzj M, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis study group. The kidney disease quality initiative guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in CKD:Association with mortality in dialysis patiens[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, 46(5): 925-932.
[3] Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition,evaluation,and classification of renal osteodystrophy:A position statement from kidney disease:Improving global outcomes[J]. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(11): 1945-1953.
[4] Naves-Díaz M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, et al. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH and death rates in a large sample of dialysis patients from Latin America. The CORES Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(6):1938-1947.
[5] Taniguchi M. The impact of CKD-MBD on mortality[J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(7): 1078-1087.
[6] 顾勇. 应充分重视和保护透析患者残余肾功能[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志, 2007, 23(7): 411-412.
[7] 韦洮, 王梅, 燕宇, 等. 血液透析患者残余肾功能的变化及其影响因素[J]. 北京医学, 2012, 34(4): 283-286.
[8] Lim VS, Flanigan MJ. Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure[J]. Semin Dial, 2001, 14(3): 150-152.
(收稿日期:2014-02-24)
因此,在维持性血液透析患者治疗中如何保护患者的残肾功能尤为重要,包括避免使用肾毒性药物、非甾体药物;积极控制血压,合理应用RAS阻断剂;合理的超滤,尽可能的平衡残余肾功能与透析充分性之间的关系。同时,应积极治疗原发病,控制血压、纠正贫血及营养不良等[7]。饮食控制磷的摄入和磷结合剂的应用对无论有无残余肾功能患者都是必要的辅助手段,对已丧失残余肾功能的患者,则更加重要。2006年KDOQI指南推荐腹膜透析人群蛋白质摄入量为但有更多的氮平衡研究实验结果显示,对于透析患者维持蛋白质平衡的摄入量大约在。目前临床普遍应用的磷结合剂包括醋酸钙、碳酸钙等,同时,新型的磷结合剂(司维拉姆、碳酸镧等)的应用,不仅取得了良好的降磷效果,同时还有降低患者心血管并发症的发生率,提高生存率等益处。
参考文献
[1] Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(11): 1119-1127.
[2] Noordzj M, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis study group. The kidney disease quality initiative guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in CKD:Association with mortality in dialysis patiens[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, 46(5): 925-932.
[3] Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition,evaluation,and classification of renal osteodystrophy:A position statement from kidney disease:Improving global outcomes[J]. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(11): 1945-1953.
[4] Naves-Díaz M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, et al. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH and death rates in a large sample of dialysis patients from Latin America. The CORES Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(6):1938-1947.
[5] Taniguchi M. The impact of CKD-MBD on mortality[J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(7): 1078-1087.
[6] 顾勇. 应充分重视和保护透析患者残余肾功能[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志, 2007, 23(7): 411-412.
[7] 韦洮, 王梅, 燕宇, 等. 血液透析患者残余肾功能的变化及其影响因素[J]. 北京医学, 2012, 34(4): 283-286.
[8] Lim VS, Flanigan MJ. Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure[J]. Semin Dial, 2001, 14(3): 150-152.
(收稿日期:2014-02-24)
因此,在维持性血液透析患者治疗中如何保护患者的残肾功能尤为重要,包括避免使用肾毒性药物、非甾体药物;积极控制血压,合理应用RAS阻断剂;合理的超滤,尽可能的平衡残余肾功能与透析充分性之间的关系。同时,应积极治疗原发病,控制血压、纠正贫血及营养不良等[7]。饮食控制磷的摄入和磷结合剂的应用对无论有无残余肾功能患者都是必要的辅助手段,对已丧失残余肾功能的患者,则更加重要。2006年KDOQI指南推荐腹膜透析人群蛋白质摄入量为但有更多的氮平衡研究实验结果显示,对于透析患者维持蛋白质平衡的摄入量大约在。目前临床普遍应用的磷结合剂包括醋酸钙、碳酸钙等,同时,新型的磷结合剂(司维拉姆、碳酸镧等)的应用,不仅取得了良好的降磷效果,同时还有降低患者心血管并发症的发生率,提高生存率等益处。
参考文献
[1] Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(11): 1119-1127.
[2] Noordzj M, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis study group. The kidney disease quality initiative guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in CKD:Association with mortality in dialysis patiens[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, 46(5): 925-932.
[3] Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition,evaluation,and classification of renal osteodystrophy:A position statement from kidney disease:Improving global outcomes[J]. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(11): 1945-1953.
[4] Naves-Díaz M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, et al. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH and death rates in a large sample of dialysis patients from Latin America. The CORES Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(6):1938-1947.
[5] Taniguchi M. The impact of CKD-MBD on mortality[J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(7): 1078-1087.
[6] 顾勇. 应充分重视和保护透析患者残余肾功能[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志, 2007, 23(7): 411-412.
[7] 韦洮, 王梅, 燕宇, 等. 血液透析患者残余肾功能的变化及其影响因素[J]. 北京医学, 2012, 34(4): 283-286.
[8] Lim VS, Flanigan MJ. Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure[J]. Semin Dial, 2001, 14(3): 150-152.
(收稿日期:2014-02-24)