文/五花肉
笔墨当随时代
——国画的技法样式与审美标准
Painting going with the times——techniques and aesthetics of Chinese painting
文/五花肉
规范法式standard techniques画院制度academy of painting以形写神combination of spirit and painting六法论theory of six principles of painting
——《山水诀》/李成(北宋)
When you paint landscape,firstly you shall settle the rule between the primary and the secondary; secondly the location of scenery and lastly the perspective and position.
——《宣和画谱》
The painting techniques of Huang Quan and Huang Jucai have been regarded as the standard techniques in academy of painting since the establishment of Song Dynasty and the Huangs'techniques are the appreciation standard for the Chinese paintings at that time.
——《石涛画语录·变化章》
The painting gurus have techniques which others cannot imitate.
伏羲画卦、仓颉造字,从最原始的彩陶纹饰、岩画壁画,到人物、山水、花鸟画,中国历代画师和评鉴家们,凭借对于美的不倦追求,在国画技法样式、品评较艺等方面进行了诸多规范化的探索和实践,于千百年间成就了属于中华民族、独具魅力的“笔墨品格”。
According to legend,Fu Xi painted the Eight Diagrams and Cangjie invented the characters,which were the origin of Chinese painting.From the pottery painting;fresco;landscapeandflower-and-bird painting,Chinese artists,in pursuit of aesthetics,developed standards for techniques and appreciation in Chinese painting,which formed the unique aesthetics features and Chinese nation spirit.
技法样式上,早在佛教美术兴盛的魏晋南北朝,顾恺之、曹不兴已为人物画法提供了最初的样式规范。隋唐年间,“青绿重彩”与“水墨晕章”等山水画形态和技法得到了完善和确立。五代两宋时期,爱丹青甚于爱江山的皇帝们设立画院制度,使花鸟画借由“院体”规范法式的推广,走上了繁盛高峰。
In the field of painting techniques,in the Buddhism flourishing era of Wei,Jin and Northern&Southern Dynasties,Gu Kaizhi and Cao Buxing developed the initial standard techniques for figure painting.In Sui and Tang Dynasties,the techniques of green-color and wash painting were improved and settled.In Northern and Southern Song Dynasties,the emperors were engrossed in painting rather than politics and established royal academy of painting.Flower-and-birdpainting developed rapidly through the dissemination of"Academy Style".
在品评鉴赏方面,东晋顾恺之将汉魏形神论哲学思想运用于人物画中,提出“以形写神”的评论标准和优劣尺度,首次使用了“骨法”、“天趣”、“神仪”等术语,有力推动了国画的发展。南齐谢赫《古画品录》以“六法论”建构完备的绘画理论体系框架,系统指出绘画的艺术要求与创作方法,为人们提供了一把衡量绘画成败高下的尺子。
In the area of art appreciation,Gu Kaizhi(the Eastern Jin Dynasty)integrated the theistic philosophy of Han and Wei Dynasties into figure paintings and developed the theory of"Combination of Spirit and Painting". He firstly used such terms as"inner spirit";natural instincts"and"spirit likeness".In the Southern Qi Dynasty,artist Xie He wrote"Gu Hua Pin Lu"(album of ancient paintings).He systemically proposed the techniques and requirement of Chinese painting art and developed theory of six principles of painting,which set up the framework of Chinese painting art theory. The theory has been regarded as the art appreciation for Chinese painting.
以说,中国画家几千年“融化物我”,早已使“笔墨”摆脱了作为构图元素和技法展示的表象、超越了文人的闲暇消遣,而成为哲学意象与精神象征的载体。
Chinese painting emphasizes the combination of spirit and painting,which makes the painting material such as ink and brush surpass the physical limit of elements of painting composition and techniques.The Chinese painting art has become the symbol of philosophy and spirit of Chinese nation instead of recreation factor.
笔墨当随时代,在中华民族文化大步复兴的当下,饱含民族精神与时代精神的新世纪国画必将肩负起“为祖国山河立传”的伟大历史使命。
Painting goes with the times.As the symbol of the time and national spirit,Chinese painting art,with the renaissance of Chinese culture,will certainly shoulder the historical mission of writing biography of our beautiful motherland of China.