茹林 杨洁红 晋旭东
摘 要:选用(NH4)2SO3溶液为吸收液,在鼓泡反应塔内对NO的吸收特性进行实验研究,探讨了(NH4)2SO3的溶液浓度、NO浓度、气体流量、温度和SO2浓度等对NO脱除效率和吸收容量的影响。研究表明,NO脱除效率和吸收容量随着(NH4)2SO3溶液浓度和NO入口浓度的增加而增加,随着入口气体流量的增大而减小。而随着温度的升高,NO脱除效率和吸收容量先增加,到达50 ℃时达到最大值,温度继续升高,NO脱除效率和吸收容量逐渐下降。SO2的存在对NO脱除效率和吸收容量有一定的促进作用。分析了(NH4)2SO3还原脱除NO机理,研究结果为氨法脱硫系统增加脱硝功能提供了实验基础。
关键词:氨法;(NH4)2SO3溶液;NO;脱除效率;吸收容量
中图分类号:X701.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-6835(2014)04-0105-04
在湿法烟气脱硫中,石灰石—石膏法和氨法脱硫工艺的脱硫效率均可超过95%,技术成熟、应用广泛且经济性强,在脱硫行业中占有主导地位。与石灰石—石膏法相比,氨法烟气脱硫发展较晚,但其脱硫效率高达98%,满足了当前更为严格的排放要求。氨法工艺得到的副产物,比如硫酸铵、亚硫酸铵、亚硫酸氢铵等利用价值相对较高,经济效益明显,可在一定程度上弥补烟气脱硫的运行费用,此工艺尤其适用于高硫煤燃烧后的烟气净化。
氨法脱硫脱硝技术是基于氨法脱硫发展起来的,氨法脱硫后产生的脱硫液具有还原脱除能力,可以再吸收NOx,从而实现脱硫脱硝。氨法脱硫后产生的脱硫液中主要成分是(NH4)2SO3,还有少量的NH4HSO3,因此,氨法脱硝主要是通过(NH4)2SO3与NOx的还原反应实现的。燃煤电厂排放的NOx主要是NO,占总排放量的90%~95%,因为它自身难溶于水,所以加大了吸收脱除的难度。在现有的湿法脱硝研究中,多是将NO氧化成NO2后再进行吸收,但氧化剂的成本很高。因此,研究如何利用氨法脱硫浆液在脱硫的同时低成本脱除NO是很有必要的。
Komiyama和Inoue研究了弱碱性溶液对NO2的吸收以及对NO和NO2混合气体的吸收,并通过假定液相中NO,NO2,N2O3,N2O4各组分以及N2O3和N2O4的水合反应保持平衡建立了模型,确定了参数。Hüpen和Kenig通过研究建立了板式塔和填料塔中NOx吸收的模型。Chien等在喷淋塔中研究同时脱硫脱硝技术,发现气相中SO2的存在可以促进对NO和NO2的吸收。目前,国内外利用氨法脱硫吸收液脱硝的研究还不多见,杜振等基于双膜理论研究了(NH4)2SO3溶液与NOx的气液吸收反应。研究表明,气液相搅拌速度和温度增加,NOx的吸收速率也在相应增加;O2含量增加,NO2的吸收速率降低,NO吸收速率增加;气相中SO2的存在对NOx的吸收有促进作用。Gao等在双搅拌反应釜中研究了气液相组分对(NH4)2SO3吸收NOx的影响,发现(NH4)2SO3和NH4HSO3的物质的量浓度对NOx吸收有重要影响;溶液浓度一定时,NOx吸收受NO2/NOx比值的影响;在(NH4)2SO3溶液中,NO2进口浓度增大可使NO吸收达到最大值,而NO和NO2共存在某种程度上会提高彼此的脱除率。在这些研究中,模拟烟气成分包括NO,NO2,SO2,O2,因为NO2的存在对NO的脱除有很重要的影响。而在实际应用中,燃煤电厂排放的烟气中95%的NOx有是NO的,由此可见,原有研究与实际烟气之间存在重大差异,而且现有研究多侧重于对NO吸收速率的研究,对NO脱除效率的研究还较少,因此,有必要详细考察(NH4)2SO3溶液对NO的脱除效果,为下一步的氨法脱硫中增进脱硝奠定基础。
该研究选用(NH4)2SO3溶液为吸收液,探讨了在鼓泡反应塔内各种因素对NO脱除效率和吸收容量的影响。
1 反应机理
NOx在气液相中的反应如图1所示。
3.4 温度
在物质的量的浓度为0.1 mol/L的(NH4)2SO3溶液中,进口气体流量为0.1 mol/L,NO入口的质量浓度为450 mg/m3左右,研究1~6 min内温度分别为20 ℃、30 ℃、40 ℃、50 ℃、60 ℃对NO脱除效率的影响,如图9所示。从图9中可以看出,随着反应温度的升高,NO的整体脱除效率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当温度小于50 ℃时,NO的脱除效率随温度的升高而升高。由于温度升高,分子的能量增大,活化分子数增多,分子运动加快,化学反应速率增大,脱除效率升高。由图9曲线可知,随着温度的升高其脱除效率升高得并不明显,这是因为在温度升高的同时,NO的溶解度降低,传质阻力增大,NO的脱除效率受到一定的抑制,但总体表现出来的促进作用要大于抑制作用。当温度继续升高,(NH4)2SO3 受热分解程度增大,(NH4)2SO3溶液浓度降低,NO在水中的平衡浓度逐渐降低,NO的脱除效率开始下降,此时抑制作用大于促进作用。
由图10可知,温度从20 ℃升高到50 ℃时,NO的吸收容量从1.675 7×10-2 mg增加到4.074 1×10-2 mg;温度继续升高,到达60 ℃时,NO的吸收容量降到了2.999 9×10-2 mg。
综合考虑,反应温度为50 ℃时,从鼓泡反应塔中出来的烟气水汽较重,对干燥剂的损耗较大,因此,实验中在研究其他因素对NO的脱除效率和吸收容量的影响时,应选用40 ℃为反应温度。
4 结论
NO的脱除效率和吸收容量随着(NH4)2SO3溶液物质的量浓度的增大而增大。当(NH4)2SO3溶液的物质量的浓度超过0.05 mol/L时,随着浓度的升高,NO的脱除效率继续增大,但增加的幅度逐渐减小。NO的脱除效率和吸收容量随着NO入口浓度的增大而逐渐增大,随着入口气体流量的增大而减小。
随着温度的升高,NO的脱除效率和吸收容量逐渐增大,当温度到达50 ℃时,NO的脱除效率和吸收容量达到最大值,温度继续升高,NO的脱除效率和吸收容量开始减小。
SO2的存在对NO脱除效率和吸收容量有着一定的促进作用,超过一定的质量浓度,随着SO2入口质量浓度的增大,NO的脱除效率和吸收容量开始降低。在实验条件下,通入低质量浓度的SO2,SO2的脱除效率基本达到100%,继续增加SO2的入口质量浓度,SO2的脱除效率会降低。
确定了(NH4)2SO3溶液脱除NO的最佳实验条件,即(NH4)2SO3溶液的物质的量浓度为0.1 mol/L,反应温度为40 ℃,选用的烟气流量为0.08 m3/h,SO2入口的质量浓度为500 mg/m3左右,NO入口的质量浓度为700 mg/m3左右。在最佳实验条件下,6 min脱除效率稳定时,SO2的脱除效率可达100%,NO的脱除效率可达19.12%,SO2的吸收容量可达2 .580 48×10-2 mg,NO的吸收容量可达6.809 8×10-2 mg。
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〔编辑:白洁〕
Abstract: The selection of(NH4)2SO3 solution as absorption liquid, at NO bubbling reaction tower on experimental study on the characteristics of absorption, discusses the solution of(NH4)2SO3 concentration, NO concentration, gas flow rate, temperature and SO2 concentration on the NO removal efficiency and the influence of absorptive capacity. Research shows that the NO removal efficiency and with(NH4)2SO3 absorption capacity increased with increasing solution concentration and NO entrance concentration, and decreases as the inlet gas flow. And with the increase of temperature, the NO removal efficiency and absorption capacity increased first and reach maximum arrived at 50 ℃, the temperature continues to rise, the NO removal efficiency and decrease its absorption capacity. The presence of SO2 on the NO removal efficiency and absorption capacity has a certain role in promoting. Analyzed the(NH4)2 so3 reductive removal NO mechanism, the results of the study for ammonia desulphurization system increases the denitration function provides the experimental basis.
Key words: ammonia method;(NH4)2SO3 solution; NO; removal efficiency; absorption capacity
[16]OBLATH S B,MARKOWITZ S S,NOVAKOV T,et al.Kinetics of the foromation of Hydroxylamine disulfonate by reaction of nitrite with sulfites[J].J Phys Chem,1981,85(8):1017-1021.
[17]CLIFTON C L,ALTSTEIN N,HUIE R E.Rate-constant for the reaction of NO2 with sulfur(Ⅳ)over the pH range 5.3~13[J].Environ Sci Technol,1988,22(5):586-589.
[18]LITTLEJOHN D,WANG Y Z,CHANG S G.Oxidation of aqueous sulfite ion by nitrogen dioxide[J].Environ Sci Technol,1993,27(10):2162-2167.
[19]SHEN C H,ROCHELLE G T.Nitrogen dioxide absorption and sulfite oxidation in aqueous sulfite[J].Environ Sci Technol,1998,32(13):1994-2003.
[20]SIDDIQI M A,PETERSEN J,LUCAS K.A study of the effect of nitrogen dioxide on the absorption of sulfur dioxide in wet flue gas cleaning processes[J].Ind Eng Chem Res,2001,40(9):2116-2127.
〔编辑:白洁〕
Abstract: The selection of(NH4)2SO3 solution as absorption liquid, at NO bubbling reaction tower on experimental study on the characteristics of absorption, discusses the solution of(NH4)2SO3 concentration, NO concentration, gas flow rate, temperature and SO2 concentration on the NO removal efficiency and the influence of absorptive capacity. Research shows that the NO removal efficiency and with(NH4)2SO3 absorption capacity increased with increasing solution concentration and NO entrance concentration, and decreases as the inlet gas flow. And with the increase of temperature, the NO removal efficiency and absorption capacity increased first and reach maximum arrived at 50 ℃, the temperature continues to rise, the NO removal efficiency and decrease its absorption capacity. The presence of SO2 on the NO removal efficiency and absorption capacity has a certain role in promoting. Analyzed the(NH4)2 so3 reductive removal NO mechanism, the results of the study for ammonia desulphurization system increases the denitration function provides the experimental basis.
Key words: ammonia method;(NH4)2SO3 solution; NO; removal efficiency; absorption capacity
[16]OBLATH S B,MARKOWITZ S S,NOVAKOV T,et al.Kinetics of the foromation of Hydroxylamine disulfonate by reaction of nitrite with sulfites[J].J Phys Chem,1981,85(8):1017-1021.
[17]CLIFTON C L,ALTSTEIN N,HUIE R E.Rate-constant for the reaction of NO2 with sulfur(Ⅳ)over the pH range 5.3~13[J].Environ Sci Technol,1988,22(5):586-589.
[18]LITTLEJOHN D,WANG Y Z,CHANG S G.Oxidation of aqueous sulfite ion by nitrogen dioxide[J].Environ Sci Technol,1993,27(10):2162-2167.
[19]SHEN C H,ROCHELLE G T.Nitrogen dioxide absorption and sulfite oxidation in aqueous sulfite[J].Environ Sci Technol,1998,32(13):1994-2003.
[20]SIDDIQI M A,PETERSEN J,LUCAS K.A study of the effect of nitrogen dioxide on the absorption of sulfur dioxide in wet flue gas cleaning processes[J].Ind Eng Chem Res,2001,40(9):2116-2127.
〔编辑:白洁〕
Abstract: The selection of(NH4)2SO3 solution as absorption liquid, at NO bubbling reaction tower on experimental study on the characteristics of absorption, discusses the solution of(NH4)2SO3 concentration, NO concentration, gas flow rate, temperature and SO2 concentration on the NO removal efficiency and the influence of absorptive capacity. Research shows that the NO removal efficiency and with(NH4)2SO3 absorption capacity increased with increasing solution concentration and NO entrance concentration, and decreases as the inlet gas flow. And with the increase of temperature, the NO removal efficiency and absorption capacity increased first and reach maximum arrived at 50 ℃, the temperature continues to rise, the NO removal efficiency and decrease its absorption capacity. The presence of SO2 on the NO removal efficiency and absorption capacity has a certain role in promoting. Analyzed the(NH4)2 so3 reductive removal NO mechanism, the results of the study for ammonia desulphurization system increases the denitration function provides the experimental basis.
Key words: ammonia method;(NH4)2SO3 solution; NO; removal efficiency; absorption capacity