郝文丽 许文良 王枫 唐杰 徐美君 高福红
1.吉林大学地球科学学院,长春 1300612.黑龙江省地质科学研究所,哈尔滨 1500361.
小兴安岭-张广才岭位于兴蒙造山带的东段,古生代期间,该区经历了多陆块的拼合与古亚洲洋的演化(Sengöretal.,1993; Li,2006; Lietal.,2009),这些微陆块自西至东包括额尔古纳地块、兴安地块、松嫩-张广才岭地块、佳木斯地块和兴凯地块。近年来,对这些微陆块上存在的前寒武纪地质体的研究取得了新的进展,先前确定的绝大多数“古元古代”或“新元古代”地层已经被解体,这不仅包括位于佳木斯地块上的麻山群(Wildeetal.,2000,2003; Wuetal.,2001)和额尔古纳地块上的兴华渡口群(Miaoetal.,2003,2007; Wuetal.,2012),也包括位于兴安地块上的风水沟河群(Xuetal.,2012)和位于松嫩-张广才岭地块上的张广才岭群(Wangetal.,2012a,b)和东风山群(Wangetal.,2014),这些所谓的前寒武纪地质体主体上形成于古生代,尤其是晚古生代-早中生代,部分形成于新元古代(Wangetal.,2014)。那么,依据岩石组合和区域对比所确定的“新元古代”一面坡群(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993)的形成时代如何?它是不是代表了该区的前寒武纪地质体?目前对于这些问题至今没有得到回答。鉴于此,本文报道了一面坡群唐家屯组下部流纹岩和上部长石石英砂岩、杨木岗组粉砂质泥岩和覆盖其上的中生代太安屯组流纹岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果,结合不同时代地质体之间的覆盖和穿切关系,确定了一面坡群的形成时代与物源,并讨论了唐家屯组流纹岩形成的构造背景及其区域构造演化意义。
“一面坡群”位于松嫩-张广才岭地块的东南缘,分布在敦化-密山断裂与伊通-舒兰断裂之间,东侧以牡丹江断裂为界与佳木斯地块相邻(图1a)。该区出露的地层主要为“新元古代”的一面坡群、晚二叠世的五道岭组以及中生代太安屯组火山岩和少量新生代的沉积(图1b)。此外,该区分布大面积的中生代花岗岩(Wuetal.,2011)和少量的中生代火山岩(唐杰等,2011)。本文研究的一面坡群成残留孤岛状分布在中生代的花岗岩“海洋”之中(Wuetal.,2011)。
“一面坡群”属张广才岭-完达山地层大区,该群由黑龙江省区域地质志所创建(黑龙江省地矿局,1993)。“一面坡群”呈近南北向带状分布,主要由一套轻微变质的火山-沉积岩组成。以尚志市一面坡一带分布的较有代表性,依据在一面坡土门子附近的深灰色粉砂岩中发现的微体古生物-原始球藻化石,将其划分为额头山组和固安屯组,时代为新元古代(黑龙江省地矿局,1993)。上述划分与1:20万区域地质调查(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969)所确定的唐家屯组和杨木岗组相对应,与黑龙江省岩石地层清理(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1997)所确定的北宽河组和新兴组相对应(表1)。本文使用1:20万区域地质调查(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969)所确定的地层组进行描述。
唐家屯组主要分布在德都县、北起科洛河南岸,向南经库依河中、上游两岸、额头山、一直延续到小边河上游两岸。在尚志市炮守营子、三锅盔山、五常县的宝龙殿等有零星分布。该组的岩性主要是灰-灰黑色、浅灰绿色的各种千枚岩、变粒岩、变质中酸性火山岩及变质酸性凝灰岩。杨木岗组主要分布在尚志市一面坡至三合站一带及其以南至与吉林省交界地带,主要岩性为斑点板岩、炭质板岩、泥质粉砂岩和粉砂质泥岩(图2)。依据1:20万区域地质调查资料,前人认为唐家屯组与其上覆的杨木岗组为整合接触,而侏罗纪太安屯组不整合覆盖在杨木岗组之上(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969)。本文样品的具体采样位置如图1b和图2所示,其岩相学特征如下。
图1研究区地质简图(a,据Wuetal.,2007;b,据黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967*黑龙江省地质矿产局.1967.1:20万五常县幅区域地质调查报告,1969*黑龙江省地质矿产局.1969.1:20万一面坡幅区域地质调查报告;花岗岩时代据Wuetal.,2011)
Fig.1Simplified geological map of the study area (a,after Wuetal.,2007; Formation time of granitoid is from Wuetal.,2011)
表1黑龙江省一面坡群划分的历史沿革
Table 1Stratigraphic division history of the Yimianpo Group in Heilongjiang Province
资料来源黑龙江省地质矿产局(1967,1969)黑龙江省地质矿产局(1993)黑龙江省地质矿产局(1997)一面坡群(Pt23ym)组名代号组名代号组名代号杨木岗组P11y固安屯组Pt23g新兴组(张广才岭群)Pt3x唐家屯组P11t额头山组Pt23e北宽河组(落马湖群)Pt3∈1b
图2 “新元古代”一面坡群岩性柱状图及采样位置Fig.2 Column diagram of the “Neoproterozoic” Yimianpo Group showing lithology and sampling locations
样品号11HSZ2-1 (1:20万一面坡图幅):杨木岗组下段的粉砂质泥岩,采自一面坡东南约3km处(E128°06′58.2″,N45°02′50.0″),该样品风化面为褐色,新鲜面为灰黑色,碎屑结构,块状构造。主要为石英、长石组成,钙质胶结。此粉砂质泥岩以捕虏体形式存在于中生代花岗岩内(图3a)。
样品号11HSZ3-4 (1:20万五常县图幅):为覆盖在杨木岗组之上的中生代太安屯组流纹岩,采自扶民村南2km处(E127°55′30.4″,N45°05′21.6″),该流纹岩呈灰黑色,斑状结构,块状构造。斑晶约占30%,主要为石英及碱性长石,基质为隐晶质(图3b)。
样品号11HSZ4-3 (1:20万一面坡图幅):为唐家屯组底部流纹岩,样品采自苇河镇炮守营子村西北山脚处(N44°54′54.9″,E128°13′50.8″),为一面坡群典型剖面,流纹岩呈斑状结构,块状构造。斑晶约占15%,斑晶主要为石英及碱性长石和少量斜长石(图3c)。
样品号11HSZ5-1 (1:20万一面坡图幅):为唐家屯组上部细粒长石石英砂岩,采自苇河镇炮守营子村西北山顶(E128°13′28.5″,N44°54′53.6″),碎屑结构,块状构造。主要为石英、长石组成,钙质胶结(图3d)。
本文锆石U-Pb定年样品均在河北省廊坊区域地质调查研究所采用常规方法进行粉碎,并用浮选和电磁选方法进行分选,然后在双目镜下挑选出不同晶形,颗粒大小、磨蚀程度以及颜色不同的锆石颗粒,进而确保所选锆石的代表性。在此基础上,将锆石粘在双面胶上,用无色透明的环氧树脂浇灌固定,待环氧树脂充分固化后抛光,使锆石暴露出内部结构,从而进行透射光、反射光和阴极发光扫描电镜显微照像,根据锆石阴极发光(CL)图像,尽量选择包裹体较少且吸收程度均匀的区域进行分析测试。
锆石U-Pb同位素分析在中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点室采用标准测定程序进行,使用的ICP-MS为Agilient公司生产的Agilient 7500,激光剥蚀系统为德国MicroLas公司的GeoLas 200M,该系统由德国Lambda Physik公司的Compex 102 Excimer激光器(工作物质ArF,波长193nm)与MicroLas公司的光学系统组成。分析中采用的激光束斑直径为32μm,以29Si作为内标,哈佛大学标准锆石91500作外标校正,详细参考值及仪器操作条件及步骤见参考文献(Liuetal.,2008)。实验获得的同位素比值数据利用ICPMSDataCal软件(版本号:7.0)进行处理,具体处理过程见参考文献(Liuetal.,2008,2010),年龄采用ISOPLOT软件计算(版本号3.0)(Ludwigetal.,2003)。实验获得的数据采用Andersen的方法进行同位素比值的校正(Andersen,2002),以扣除普通Pb的影响。所给定的同位素比值和年龄的误差(标准误差)在1σ水平。锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析结果见表2。
图3 一面坡群和太安屯组部分样品的显微照片(a)-杨木岗组粉砂质泥岩;(b)-太安屯组流纹岩;(c)-唐家屯组流纹岩;(d)-唐家屯组长石石英砂岩.正交偏光.Q-石英;Pl-斜长石;Af-碱性长石Fig.3 Photomicrographs of selected samples from the Yimianpo Group and Taiantun Formation(a)-silty mudstone from theYangmugang Formation; (b)-rhyolite from the Taiantun Formation; (c)-rhyolite from the Tangjiatun Formation; (d)-feldspathic quartzose sandstone from the Tangjiatun Formation.Cross-polarized light.Q-quartz; Pl-plagioclase; Af-alkali feldspar
图4 一面坡群和太安屯组锆石样品中的阴极发光图像Fig.4 CL images of the selected zircons from the Yimianpo Group and Taiantun Formation in the study area
样品11HSZ4-1,为流纹岩,其中锆石多为短柱状-长柱状,呈半自形-自形晶,锆石内部结构较清晰,均发育有典型的岩浆成因的振荡生长环带(图4a)。16个测点中15个测点的206Pb/238U年龄介于289~302Ma之间,其加权平均值为295±2Ma(n=15),另一个测点的206Pb/238U年龄为428Ma(表2、图5a)。前者代表了流纹岩的形成时代,后者应为捕获锆石的年龄。
表2张广才岭“新元古代”一面坡群和太安屯组锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果
Table 2LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results for the “Neoproterozoic” Yimianpo Group and Mesozoic Taiantun Formation in the Zhangguangcai Range
测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U同位素比值同位素年龄(Ma)207Pb206Pb207Pb235U206Pb238U207Pb206Pb207Pb235U206Pb238U比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ11HSZ2⁃1粉砂质泥岩11HSZ2⁃1⁃0110094932 050 051860 002530 300480 015250 042050 000682798626712266411HSZ2⁃1⁃02881340 660 064510 005910 362290 029720 041430 0010075913331422262611HSZ2⁃1⁃0310519551 100 052030 001830 312570 011010 043280 00050287592769273311HSZ2⁃1⁃043169500 330 051110 004420 295430 023710 041770 0011224613326319264711HSZ2⁃1⁃052102660 790 053980 004080 442560 033640 059140 0012237013537224370711HSZ2⁃1⁃062205060 440 055630 003450 310450 018230 040670 0006643810227514257411HSZ2⁃1⁃073784660 810 052250 003570 294350 019630 040690 0005929612626215257411HSZ2⁃1⁃081041780 580 050900 004680 309750 028920 043440 0009123617227422274611HSZ2⁃1⁃091902830 670 055020 003440 315880 018880 041840 0007841310027915264511HSZ2⁃1⁃102254870 460 057320 005310 341100 030990 042910 0009250416429823271611HSZ2⁃1⁃111454140 350 051380 002740 306540 017160 042980 000942588827113271611HSZ2⁃1⁃1255616700 330 057450 002080 463500 018930 057710 0009636214436018360611HSZ2⁃1⁃131843520 520 052840 003700 310990 021770 042830 0007332212927517270411HSZ2⁃1⁃143004820 620 064060 004780 359770 025180 041310 0007774311731219261511HSZ2⁃1⁃151592810 570 050660 002910 291810 018120 042390 0007222511226014268411HSZ2⁃1⁃161522650 570 052970 003900 311270 025920 043240 0010832814427520273711HSZ2⁃1⁃171484030 370 052320 003550 251410 018610 035660 0005529914122815226311HSZ2⁃1⁃182672681 000 065690 003371 163360 073460 129170 0016479711278434783911HSZ2⁃1⁃192995050 590 055520 003030 500910 031170 065760 0009643311341221411611HSZ2⁃1⁃20591120 530 058630 005410 609370 053520 078200 0015155316048334485911HSZ2⁃1⁃213565910 600 062380 002840 368910 017960 043240 0005527617027017269311HSZ2⁃1⁃221011420 710 067470 003500 719550 037380 078990 0013751519549033485911HSZ2⁃1⁃232044670 440 060710 002630 484490 022340 057490 0010139516136221357611HSZ3⁃4流纹岩11HSZ3⁃4⁃0160112850 470 052560 001200 216630 004890 029770 00024310361994189211HSZ3⁃4⁃022235370 410 050150 001700 202270 007010 029160 00030202611876185211HSZ3⁃4⁃031494590 330 050900 002130 210110 008800 029880 00034236751947190211HSZ3⁃4⁃041042480 420 048920 004250 196350 016760 029110 0004814419718214185311HSZ3⁃4⁃052146670 320 046990 001470 192750 006050 029610 0002849521795188211HSZ3⁃4⁃0645310600 430 049000 001400 200470 005600 029610 00026148491865188211HSZ3⁃4⁃07602000 300 053670 002970 220290 013150 029760 0005235710320211189311HSZ3⁃4⁃082588010 320 052730 001700 210170 006160 029140 00033317461945185211HSZ3⁃4⁃091623970 410 050420 002600 208050 010450 029920 000362151201929190211HSZ3⁃4⁃102234930 450 055250 002600 227180 009970 029930 0004422742088190211HSZ3⁃4⁃112354120 570 048930 001880 200390 007280 029880 00034145641856190211HSZ3⁃4⁃121083030 360 050170 003300 201240 012830 029090 0004720315018611185311HSZ3⁃4⁃133679540 390 052010 001460 219270 006360 030410 0003286482015193211HSZ3⁃4⁃14671190 560 054810 009470 224360 038560 029690 0005440436320632189311HSZ3⁃4⁃152434110 590 054720 001960 220290 007860 029180 00027401632027185211HSZ3⁃4⁃16912510 360 05150 002620 210660 010630 029990 0004263911949190311HSZ3⁃4⁃172346750 350 050220 002190 209410 008910 030240 000272051031937192211HSZ3⁃4⁃181484040 370 052280 002110 210380 008510 029270 00031298731947186211HSZ3⁃4⁃19941500 720 053470 00290 213900 011770 029420 00053499419710187311HSZ3⁃4⁃201033580 750 056730 002050 235650 008740 030180 00038481592157192211HSZ3⁃4⁃211092110 390 051490 002620 204980 010020 02920 00036263891898186211HSZ3⁃4⁃222074641 010 057350 002080 238130 008840 030180 00038505592177192211HSZ3⁃4⁃231143131 410 050740 002230 208140 009150 029920 000362298019281902
续表2ContinuedTable2测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U同位素比值同位素年龄(Ma)207Pb206Pb207Pb235U206Pb238U207Pb206Pb207Pb235U206Pb238U比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ11HSZ4⁃1流纹岩11HSZ4⁃1⁃014164260 680 059550 002230 567110 021320 068720 000725876345614428411HSZ4⁃1⁃02201410520 810 053930 001320 353780 009930 047150 00052368433087297311HSZ4⁃1⁃031592421 150 055280 002700 358430 017510 046950 000614248631113296411HSZ4⁃1⁃042883360 850 053790 001750 351690 011660 047100 00050362553069297311HSZ4⁃1⁃05140012900 920 053690 001360 356400 009160 048000 00062358353107302411HSZ4⁃1⁃062453240 650 055900 002390 357630 015090 046930 000724486631011296411HSZ4⁃1⁃079026210 170 055800 001570 361260 010150 046760 00044445453138295311HSZ4⁃1⁃085585440 600 052740 001690 344970 011140 047130 00045318563018297311HSZ4⁃1⁃094973791 230 053990 001690 350150 010100 047190 00051370453058297311HSZ4⁃1⁃105445370 690 051110 002250 335330 014840 047270 000602467829411298411HSZ4⁃1⁃113064190 700 053440 001690 338980 010530 045860 00051348502968289311HSZ4⁃1⁃125284550 640 053880 001480 348550 009750 046570 00045366463047293311HSZ4⁃1⁃131812380 760 057380 002100 366940 012870 046440 000515065831710293311HSZ4⁃1⁃147719190 840 055310 001420 356730 010040 046470 00059425403108293411HSZ4⁃1⁃152082440 850 057710 002250 374480 014420 047120 000555196432311297311HSZ4⁃1⁃164414480 990 051070 001780 323430 011510 045790 00051244612859289311HSZ5⁃1长石石英砂岩HSZ5⁃1⁃011541331 160 053050 002890 357680 01990 049120 0007833197310153095HSZ5⁃1⁃027247211 000 053180 001390 341810 009090 046320 000483364229972923HSZ5⁃1⁃034692961 580 052520 002060 331680 011970 046160 000513086229192913HSZ5⁃1⁃0496710690 900 058220 001630 335090 010540 041250 000475384929382613HSZ5⁃1⁃055813891 490 053620 001710 341890 010530 046080 000423555329982903HSZ5⁃1⁃063375170 650 052570 003730 297220 020720 041010 00053310164264162593HSZ5⁃1⁃074265610 760 056670 001630 323760 009080 041190 000364794628572602HSZ5⁃1⁃08164721810 760 052280 001040 301610 008950 041320 000922983226872616HSZ5⁃1⁃092262720 830 055110 002890 348680 017920 046180 0008741781304132915HSZ5⁃1⁃101762480 710 053510 003190 308320 018750 041380 0008350103273152615HSZ5⁃1⁃116083501 740 046940 004170 263370 023090 040690 000646197237192574HSZ5⁃1⁃123112691 150 054180 002010 348410 012740 046310 0004937863304102923HSZ5⁃1⁃131888680 220 058770 001960 342390 01560 041330 0011155954299122617HSZ5⁃1⁃144028840 450 051230 002810 263630 01490 036950 00051251105238122343HSZ5⁃1⁃154696440 730 053270 001450 341490 009950 046260 000663404129882924HSZ5⁃1⁃161193260 360 055590 001390 353860 009360 046120 00074363330872914HSZ5⁃1⁃1759311510 520 051160 002060 289880 011840 041230 000692486325892604HSZ5⁃1⁃181963310 590 051750 002170 332870 014870 046150 0005227482292112913HSZ5⁃1⁃193732391 560 052390 001730 299820 011510 041180 000803035326692605HSZ5⁃1⁃204966440 770 052840 003240 334510 020000 045910 00062322143293152894HSZ5⁃1⁃214655340 870 053410 001240 341250 007970 046070 000383463829862902HSZ5⁃1⁃2226720 360 046970 004840 261720 026620 040420 0006947216236212554HSZ5⁃1⁃2326730 360 051610 00230 327960 014690 046080 0005526881288112903HSZ5⁃1⁃24402115632 570 058570 002040 383910 012770 047870 000485515533093013HSZ5⁃1⁃253163220 980 051350 001960 294140 01330 041160 0010425759262102606HSZ5⁃1⁃261031860 560 051580 002160 329520 015030 046090 0008226772289112905HSZ5⁃1⁃272082280 910 056340 004180 345590 027990 046320 00132466129301212928HSZ5⁃1⁃282254920 460 055400 002450 356550 018770 046370 0012142871310142927HSZ5⁃1⁃297887111 110 051160 003020 268570 015220 03840 00046248109242122433HSZ5⁃1⁃301763820 460 055680 001560 354130 010540 046010 000514394630882903HSZ5⁃1⁃31772860 270 052930 001830 384030 01420 052370 0007332658330103294
续表2ContinuedTable2测点号ThU(×10-6)Th/U同位素比值同位素年龄(Ma)207Pb206Pb207Pb235U206Pb238U207Pb206Pb207Pb235U206Pb238U比值1σ比值1σ比值1σ年龄1σ年龄1σ年龄1σHSZ5⁃1⁃32474310 110 054310 004290 355810 026070 049030 00116384122309203097HSZ5⁃1⁃335155530 930 050940 002170 307830 014260 043210 0008323871273112735HSZ5⁃1⁃342662880 920 051400 002740 30930 015550 043240 0005325993274122733HSZ5⁃1⁃352325330 440 051000 003900 307880 021170 043130 00063241130273162724HSZ5⁃1⁃362772761 000 048870 004710 310690 026820 046120 00089141157275212916HSZ5⁃1⁃371472410 610 049610 004450 257170 020750 036740 00065177149232172334HSZ5⁃1⁃382314980 460 050070 003940 304780 021770 043360 0007198132270172744HSZ5⁃1⁃392121841 150 049530 003760 321850 023330 046340 00079173132283182925HSZ5⁃1⁃409089670 940 052240 003820 315460 022930 04320 00083296131278182735HSZ5⁃1⁃414254670 910 054990 003320 349730 019950 046150 0006412105305152914HSZ5⁃1⁃422672081 280 052120 002150 332770 013480 045990 0004729174292102903HSZ5⁃1⁃43711340 530 056730 001880 338250 010920 043230 000524815029682733HSZ5⁃1⁃441961481 330 054830 002820 350040 018460 046010 0005840596305142904HSZ5⁃1⁃456493701 750 057340 002370 325740 012180 041210 000795044928692605HSZ5⁃1⁃465224481 160 050240 002670 320490 017160 046160 0006620698282132914HSZ5⁃1⁃472503730 670 053020 003980 334610 024320 046040 00068330139293182904HSZ5⁃1⁃485676150 920 054210 002260 346770 014720 046060 0005338075302112903HSZ5⁃1⁃492335160 450 051840 003250 332930 022520 046270 00104278114292172926HSZ5⁃1⁃503942741 440 054340 003240 335950 019010 046060 0008638593294142905HSZ5⁃1⁃512524370 580 058160 005150 296290 026190 036830 00092536151264212336HSZ5⁃1⁃527274161 750 054260 002450 34250 015110 04610 0006038275299112914HSZ5⁃1⁃5311078781 260 052300 002920 266090 014950 036910 0006629896240122344HSZ5⁃1⁃545165350 960 052510 002420 332530 015330 046210 0006230881291122914HSZ5⁃1⁃553205200 610 055820 003450 39440 024030 051760 00090445105338173256HSZ5⁃1⁃569958641 150 054020 002570 34390 016210 046290 0008037275300122925HSZ5⁃1⁃575535321 040 063010 002590 451090 018990 051380 0006570968378133234HSZ5⁃1⁃584913181 550 065260 003660 46470 025790 052290 0009378387388183296HSZ5⁃1⁃5910939151 190 054730 002150 350250 014640 045710 0006940166305112884HSZ5⁃1⁃6018949891 910 055510 002540 351690 016000 045530 0005643380306122873HSZ5⁃1⁃6166413930 480 055410 002740 289600 016970 037260 0012542973258132368HSZ5⁃1⁃627796421 210 055000 005110 277330 025490 036570 00051412212249202323HSZ5⁃1⁃636166121 010 057430 002450 360030 014580 045450 0005650867312112873HSZ5⁃1⁃643162471 280 054480 005140 344790 031080 046150 00117391158301232917HSZ5⁃1⁃654156500 640 054680 003580 349470 023670 046030 00105399111304182906HSZ5⁃1⁃6611747831 500 046050 005510 228520 027090 035990 00059238209222284HSZ5⁃1⁃6745415620 290 054710 002750 277450 017360 036420 0012440081249142318HSZ5⁃1⁃685787990 720 050790 003130 262000 018690 036660 00098231114236152326HSZ5⁃1⁃693828140 470 052290 003870 261470 019660 036060 00078298132236162285HSZ5⁃1⁃703955310 740 055040 003240 282720 01860 036890 00062414118253152344HSZ5⁃1⁃711361970 690 060960 004710 444040 0340 052410 00124638124373243298HSZ5⁃1⁃72106023310 450 052400 002020 331680 014740 045950 0013230352291112908
图5 一面坡群和太安屯组锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图Fig.5 U-Pb concordia diagrams summarizing the LA-ICP-MS zircon data for the Yimianpo Group and the Taiantun Formation
样品11HSZ5-1,为细粒长石石英砂岩,其中的锆石多数呈长柱状,在阴极发光图像中多具核边结构,边部发育有明显的振荡环带(图4b)。72个测点给出的同位素年龄主要介于234~329Ma之间(表2、图5b),形成了六组谐和年龄,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄自下而上分别为234±3Ma(n=12)、260±2Ma(n=12)、273±3Ma(n=6)、291±1Ma(n=35),309±8Ma(n=2)、327±4Ma(n=5)。其中最小一组年龄应代表了该岩石沉积年龄的下限,即长石石英砂岩形成于232±3Ma之后。
样品11HSZ2-1:为粉砂质泥岩,该样品仅选出23粒锆石,这些锆石多数呈短柱状的半自形晶,锆石内部结构清晰,均发育有显示岩浆成因的振荡生长环带(图4c)。23个测点的206Pb/238U年龄介于226±3Ma~783±9Ma之间,其中和谐年龄包括:226±3Ma(n=1)、267±3Ma(n=15)、362±7Ma(n=3)、411±6Ma(n=1)、485±12Ma(n=2)和783±9Ma(n=1)(表2、图5c)。其中最小一组年龄应代表了该岩石沉积年龄的下限,即粉砂质泥岩形成于226Ma之后。
样品11HSZ3-4:为太安屯组流纹岩,其中锆石多为短柱状-长柱状,呈半自形-自形晶,锆石内部结构清晰,均发育有典型岩浆成因的振荡生长环带(图4d)。23个测点的206Pb/238U年龄介于185±3Ma~190±2Ma之间,其加权平均年龄为189±1Ma(MSWD=1.5,n=23),这表明太安屯组流纹岩形成时代为早侏罗世(表2、图5d)。
一面坡群为《黑龙江省区域地质志》于1993年创建(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993)。它是分布在松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘一套浅变质岩系,其中以尚志市一面坡一带分布的一面坡群具代表性,该群自下而上划分为额头山组和固安屯组,基于岩石组合和区域对比将其置于新元古代。早在20世纪60年代1:20万区域地质调查过程中(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969),曾将其划分为下部的唐家屯组和上部的杨木岗组,并将其时代确定为早二叠世,它们分别对应于地质志所划分的额头山组和固安屯组,二者为整合接触。
在一面坡群形成时代的确定过程中,主要依据区域地层对比(1:20万区域地质报告,黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969)和所发现的原始藻类的形成时代(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993),由于该区覆盖严重,以区域对比的原则进行地层时代的确定依据不充分。因此,对一面坡群中火山岩锆石U-Pb定年是确定该地层形成时代的关键,同时可以从一面坡群中碎屑岩中最年轻碎屑锆石年龄限定其沉积下限,而从上覆地层形成的时间限定其沉积上限。基于这一原则,可以看出,1)采自唐家屯组下部流纹岩中锆石U-Pb定年结果为295Ma,这表明唐家屯组下部流纹岩形成于早二叠世,而非前人认为的“新元古代”(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993);2)唐家屯组顶部长石石英砂岩(11HSZ5-1)中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄(234Ma)与杨木岗组粉砂质泥岩(11HSZ2-1)中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄(226Ma)在误差范围内基本一致,这表明唐家屯组顶部长石石英砂岩应属于杨木岗组,它们的形成时代应晚于这些最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄——即晚三叠世,结合覆盖其上太安屯组流纹岩的形成时代(189Ma),可以判定一面坡群杨木岗组形成于晚三叠世(约226Ma)至早侏罗世(189Ma)之间,而非前人所确定“新元古代”(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1993)或早二叠世(1:20万区域地质报告,黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969)。同时,也暗示唐家屯组与上覆的杨木岗组之间可能为构造接触,而非整合接触关系(图2)。此外,对于东北地区地层时代的确定,尤其是那些缺少生物学证据的古生代和前寒武纪地层,利用区域对比方法需要十分慎重,在不同地质体野外关系研究的基础上,应加强精确的年代学研究,进而限定这些底层的形成时代。
锆石以高硬度及较高的封闭温度为特点得以在经历各种地质过程后仍然保持稳定的U-Pb同位素体系(Bruguieretal.,1997; Leeetal.,1997; Cherniak and Watson,2000; Košler and Sylvester,2003; Mengetal.,2010; Wangetal.,2012b)。因此,根据碎屑锆石的年龄组成和区域对比,可以用来判断地层的沉积物源。
图6 一面坡群杨木岗组碎屑锆石年龄频率图Fig.6 Relative probability of detrital zircons from the Yangmugang Formation of the Yimianpo Group
从本次杨木岗组碎屑锆石研究中可以看出,约占92.7%的碎屑锆石年龄介于226~329Ma之间,呈现出233Ma、260Ma、271Ma、291Ma和327Ma的峰期年龄(表2、图6),它们构成了一面坡群杨木岗组沉积物源的主体,其中233Ma的年龄与本区青龙屯组火山岩的形成时代(~228Ma)相吻合(Xuetal.,2013),260Ma和271Ma的年龄与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘以及佳木斯地块西缘分布的中-晚二叠世花岗岩的形成时代相近(李锦轶等,1999; Wuetal.,2011; Yuetal.,2013; Caoetal.,2013),291Ma的年龄与本区滨东地区唐家屯组和一面坡群中唐家屯组火山岩的形成时代(293~295Ma)相吻合(Mengetal.,2011),327Ma的年龄与东北地区广泛报道的中-晚石炭世(320Ma)的岩浆事件相吻合(Gaoetal.,2007; 赵芝等,2010; Wuetal.,2011)。此外,约有7.3%的碎屑锆石年龄介于357~783之间(表2),并且呈现出4个明显的年龄组,分别为362Ma、411Ma、485Ma和783Ma(图6),其中362Ma的年龄与张广才岭南段机房沟岩群中流纹岩的形成时代相吻合(本项目组未发表资料),411Ma和485Ma的年龄组与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘近南北向展布的早古生代花岗岩的形成时代相吻合(刘建峰等,2008; Wangetal.,2012a),783Ma年龄与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘东风山群和塔东群中部分前寒武纪地质体的时代相吻合(Wangetal.,2014; Tangetal.,2013)。因此,从上述杨木岗组碎屑锆石年龄组合与本区岩浆事件时间的一致性可以看出,该组沉积时的物源主要来源于沉积盆地周边的晚古生代地质体以及次要的早中生代、早古生代和新元古代地质体,这也得到了碎屑锆石近于自形和半自形晶形的支持——即晶形揭示碎屑物经历了较近距离的搬运过程。
从本文的定年结果已知,位于尚志附近的一面坡群中唐家屯组主要由流纹岩组成,其形成时代为早二叠世,这与滨东地区1:20万区域地质报告中(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1967,1969)确定的唐家屯组典型剖面处的流纹岩和玄武质岩石形成时代类似(Mengetal.,2011),同时与佳木斯地块东缘早二叠世二龙山组玄武质安山岩的形成时代相同(Mengetal.,2008)。虽然前人确定唐家屯组中存在安山玢岩,但由于该区覆盖严重,野外并没有观察到,故本文并没有对其进行研究。本文确定一面坡群中唐家屯组流纹岩的形成时代为早二叠世,它与滨东地区唐家屯组典型剖面处同时代流纹岩和玄武岩以及张广才岭北段存在的早二叠世辉长岩(作者,未发表资料)一起共同构成了典型双峰式火成岩组合,它们共同揭示了松嫩-张广才岭地块东部在早二叠世处于一种伸展环境(Mengetal.,2011),而佳木斯地块东缘早二叠世钙碱性火山岩组合揭示了一种活动陆缘的构造背景(Mengetal.,2008)。结合大兴安岭地区早二叠世A型花岗岩带的出现(洪大卫等,1994)以及早二叠世玄武岩的形成(Zhuetal.,2001),可以判定,松嫩-张广才岭地块与兴安地块一起,在早二叠世期间共同经历了一次区域性的伸展事件。
通过对位于张广才岭一面坡群中碎屑锆石和岩浆锆石U-Pb年代学的研究,得出以下几点结论:
(1)先前确定的“新元古代”一面坡群实际上是由早二叠世的唐家屯组流纹岩和早中生代杨木岗组沉积岩所构成,而非前人确定的新元古代。
(2)一面坡群杨木岗组的沉积物主要来源于周边的晚古生代地质体以及次要的早中生代、早古生代和新元古代地质体。
(3)早二叠世唐家屯组流纹岩,与区域早二叠世玄武质岩石一起构成了典型双峰式火山岩组合,揭示该区早二叠世处于一种伸展环境。
致谢感谢河北省廊坊物探勘察院在锆石的分选过程中给予的帮助;同时感谢中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室在锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析中给予的大力帮助。
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