刘协鲁 王义天 胡乔青 魏然 王瑞廷 温深文 陈明寿 杨光华LIU XieLu, WANG YiTian*, HU QiaoQing, WEI Ran, WANG RuiTing, WEN ShenWen, CHEN MingShou and YANG GuangHua
1. 中国地质大学地球科学与资源学院,北京 1000832. 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所,国土资源部成矿作用和资源评价重点实验室,北京 1000373. 西北有色地质勘查局,西安 7100544. 西北有色地质勘查局717总队,宝鸡 7210045. 西安地质矿产勘查开发院,西安 7101001. School of Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China2. MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China3. Northwest Geological Exploration and Mining Bureau for Nonferrous Metals, Xi’an 710054, China4. No. 717 Geological Party, Northwest Geological Exploration and Mining Bureau for Nonferrous Metals, Baoji 721004, China5. Xi’an Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration, Xi’an 710100, China2013-08-10 收稿, 2013-11-29 改回.
陕西省凤(县)-太(白)矿集区位于秦岭泥盆系金、银、铅锌多金属成矿带中段,区内已探明的金储量达200吨以上(李建华,2008)。自20世纪80年代发现八卦庙超大型和双王大型金矿床后,又陆续发现了丝毛岭、柴蚂、古迹、沈家湾等一些中小型金矿床。众多学者对八卦庙和双王金矿床从成矿地质特征(古貌新等,1983;石准立等,1989;张恩等,2001;汤静如等,2002;陈建文等,2003;冯建忠等,2003;张军,2003)、矿床地球化学特征(郑作平等,1994;于学元等,1996;Guoetal., 2000;张作衡等,2004;王瑞廷等,2006;何鸿等,2009)、成矿流体及成矿条件(张长年和陈丹玲,1993;钱大益等,2003;韦龙明,2007;刘必政等,2011)等方面进行了深入的研究。但对于八卦庙金矿床的成因仍存在较大争议,主要有以下几种观点:(1)将其归为卡林型-类卡林型金矿即微细浸染型,并建立了秦岭卡林型金矿成矿模式(邵世才和汪东波,2001;陈衍景等,2004;);(2)(热水)沉积-构造或(岩浆)热液改造型,认为早期沉积形成Au背景值较高的围岩,后经历构造或(岩浆)热液叠加改造成矿(张恩和郭健,2000;苏瑞侠等,2001;张万业等,2003;韦龙明,2003);(3)认为经历了多阶段的成矿作用,为多成因复成或多期次复合型(Zhong and Zhang,1997;刘方杰等,2000);(4)认为矿床的形成与脆-韧性剪切带密切相关,为脆-韧性剪切带型金矿(温深文,1999;方维萱等,2000);(5)通过对元素组合、同位素特征、不同矿物成分特征及形成的物理化学条件的研究,认为是中温热液(碳酸盐)型(Zhengetal., 1994;于学元等,1996;郑作平等,1997);(6)造山型金矿,提出了印支-燕山期的碰撞造山过程中岩浆作用与来源于造山过程中热作用产生的热液流体共同作用形成了金矿床的观点(毛景文,2001;Maoetal., 2002;张作衡,2002)。
柴蚂金矿床位于八卦庙超大型金矿床西侧约0.5km处,其成矿地质环境及控矿条件与八卦庙金矿床均相似,前人已对其地质特征及矿体矿化特征进行了详细的研究(汶博等,2008;张广辉等,2013),但并没有详细划分成矿阶段,且缺乏可靠的成矿年龄数据。本文在详细研究柴蚂金矿地质特征的基础上,厘清了成矿阶段,并对不同阶段的矿物组合、结构构造及围岩蚀变等特征进行了详细的描述。
热液矿床成矿年代学是研究矿床成因的关键,针对成矿年代学的研究除了直接对辉钼矿(Maoetal., 1999,2006;袁顺达等,2012a)、锡石(Yuanetal., 2008,2011)等矿石矿物及云母(Maoetal., 2004;Yuanetal., 2007;袁顺达等,2010,2012b)等蚀变矿物开展同位素测年之外,脉石矿物亦是重要的测年对象,方解石-白云石是各类矿床中最常见的脉石矿物,作为含钙矿物,其Sm-Nd同位素体系是精确厘定热液矿床成矿时代的有效手段(Pengetal., 2003;Suetal., 2009)。Sm、Nd均为稀土元素,具有稳定性好、变化同步、不易受改造、母体衰变形成的子体容易在矿物晶格中保存下来的特点,因此Sm-Nd同位素体系的抗风化、抗蚀变能力均较强,易保持封闭。Fryer and Taylor(1984)对热液型铀矿成功地进行Sm-Nd同位素定年,首次揭示该体系用于热液矿床定年的潜力。随后一些研究均指出,热液矿床的含钙矿物如萤石、方解石等是Sm-Nd同位素定年的理想对象(Hallidayetal., 1990;Nieetal., 1999;Jiangetal., 2000)。目前已有大量学者对不同类型矿床的方解石开展了Sm-Nd同位素研究,均获得了可靠的年代学数据(Nieetal., 1999;李文博等,2004;胡文洁等,2012)。本次工作利用主成矿阶段方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物进行了Sm-Nd等时线年龄测定,获得了精确的年龄数据,为厘定成矿时代和研究矿床成因提供了可靠的证据。
凤太矿集区位于商丹缝合带南侧,南北均以深大断裂为界(图1),北部为湘子河-黄柏塬断裂,属于商丹缝合带的组成部分,南部为酒奠梁-江口断裂。矿集区的基本构造格架为NWW向古岔河-殷家坝复式向斜(图1),次级断裂和褶皱发育。断裂构造发育有NWW向和NE向两组,褶皱构造表现为一系列NWW-近EW向的复式褶皱。断裂走向及褶皱轴自东向西均表现为NW→NWW→近EW向的变化规律。王义天等(2009)对矿集区内褶皱、断裂、节理、线理等构造要素进行详细的研究工作后,提出整个凤太矿集区为一个大型的走滑双重构造。
图1 西秦岭凤太矿集区地质矿产简图(据胡乔青等,2013;王相等,1996修编)(1)地层:Pre-前寒武系;D-泥盆系;C-石炭系;P-二叠系;T-三叠系;K-白垩系.(2)岩浆岩:γ-印支-燕山期岩浆岩.(3)断裂:F1-湘子河-黄柏塬断裂(商丹缝合带);F2-修石岩-观音峡断裂;F3-王家楞-二郎坝断裂;F4-倒回沟-柘梨园断裂;F5-酒奠梁-江口断裂.(4)铅锌矿床(点):1-谭家沟;2-银洞梁;3-峰崖;4-手搬崖;5-铅硐山;6-苇子坪-安沟;7-苇子坪-洞沟;8-尖端山;9-八方山-二里河;10-长沟;11-洞沟;12-银母寺;13-大黑沟;14-崖房湾;(5)金矿床(点):15-丝毛岭;16-八卦庙;17-双王;18-柴蚂Fig.1 Sketch map of geology and minerals of the Fengxian-Taibai ore concentration area in western Qinling (modified after Hu et al., 2013; Wang et al., 1996)(1)Pre-Pre-Cambrian; D-Devonian; C-Carboniferous; P-Permian; T-Triassic; K-Cretaceous; (2)γ-Indosinian-Yanshanian magmatic rock; (3)F1-Xiangzihe-Huangbaiyuan Fault (Shang-Dan suture zone); F2-Xiushiyan-Guanyinxia Fault; F3-Wangjialeng-Erlangba Fault; F4-Daohuigou-Zheliyuan Fault; F5-Jiudianliang-Jiangkou Fault; (4)Pb-Zn deposits (occurrences): 1-Tanjiagou; 2-Yindongliang; 3-Fengya; 4-Shoubanya; 5-Qiandongshan; 6-Weiziping-Angou; 7-Weiziping-Donggou; 8-Jianduanshan; 9-Bafangshan-Erlihe; 10-Changgou; 11-Donggou; 12-Yinmusi; 13-Daheigou; 14-Yafangwan; (5)gold deposit (occurrences): 15-Simaoling; 16-Baguamiao; 17-Shuangwang; 18-Chaima
矿集区内出露的地层主要是中、上泥盆统的浅变质的碳酸盐岩-泥质碎屑岩建造,由新到老依次为上泥盆统九里坪组、星红铺组及中泥盆统古道岭组、马槽沟组。其中星红铺组是八卦庙、丝毛岭及柴蚂金矿床的赋矿层位。在矿集区外围,前寒武纪变质岩地层出露于北部,中、下石炭统碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩以及下白垩统砾岩夹粉砂岩出露于西北部,西南部出露的地层主要为石炭统海相碳酸盐岩夹陆相碎屑岩,二叠统石英砂岩及砂质板岩,三叠统砂岩、板岩及灰岩。
矿集区内侵入岩主要有中东部近东西向展布的西坝中酸性岩体(图1),该岩体向西侧伏。岩脉广泛发育,主要有花岗斑岩脉、闪长玢岩脉、煌斑岩脉,常呈脉状充填于NWW向和NE向断裂中。
矿区内出露的地层有上泥盆统星红铺组浅变质细碎屑岩建造和中泥盆统古道岭组以生物碎屑灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩建造。上泥盆统星红铺组划分为四个岩性段,其中第一岩性段划分出四个岩性层:第一岩性层与下伏的古道岭组呈断层接触,局部为整合接触;第二岩性层是八卦庙金矿床和柴蚂金矿床的赋矿层位(图2),岩性主要为铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩、铁白云质粉砂岩、钙质粉砂岩,局部夹条带状大理岩化灰岩;第四岩性层也是柴蚂金矿赋矿层位,岩性主要为铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩,斑点状铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩,局部夹大理岩化灰岩。
矿区内断裂、褶皱构造较为发育,整体构造线的方向是NW向。断裂构造分为NW向和NE向两组。NW向断裂主要为矿区北部的一组高角度逆断层,是八卦庙-王家愣逆冲大断层的一部分,在F13断裂(图2)下盘的千枚岩中糜棱岩化、石香肠、细颈构造广泛发育,是一典型的韧性剪切带,柴蚂金矿即位于该韧性剪切带中。NE向断裂由西向东呈NNE-NE向延伸,错断地层和矿体,断距几十到一百多米。褶皱构造主要为长沟-八卦庙向斜和长沟-打柴沟背斜,轴线方向均为近NW向。区内小型褶皱发育,形态较多,有平卧、斜歪褶皱等。
矿区内岩浆岩不发育,主要是出露于东北部呈NE向展布的钠长岩脉和西南部充填NE向断层中的煌斑岩脉(图2)。
柴蚂金矿共划分为5个含矿带(图2),主要受构造和地层岩性联合控制,总体走向均为近NW向,常呈透镜状、似层状产出。1号含矿带位于长沟-八卦庙向斜核部,2号含矿带位于该向斜南翼,3号含矿带及八卦庙金矿床位于该向斜北翼;4号含矿带位于长沟-打柴沟背斜东部,5号含矿带就位于该背斜南翼(图2)。矿带总体走向为280°~335°。矿体在走向、倾向上均呈透镜状、囊状产出,往往呈雁行状排列,具有膨大缩小、向两侧尖灭的特征。金矿化主要发育在石英脉与铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩、斑点状千枚岩中,矿石类型有两种:石英脉型和蚀变岩型,以石英脉型为主。
1号含矿带长约380m,宽40~120m,总体走向310°~330°,已划分出大小矿体十余条,其中较大的矿体有6条。2号含矿带长约300m,宽80~140m,总体走向320°~335°,已划分出4条金矿体。3号含矿带长约260m,宽10~70m,总体走向315°~330°,已划分出3条矿体。4号含矿带长约240m,长约30~50m,总体走向295°~320°,已划分出4条较小的矿体。5号含矿带长约280m,宽30~80m,总体走向300°~320°,已划分出3条较小的矿体。其中2号含矿带平均品位较高,最高可达6g/t,其次是4号含矿带,1号、3号和5号含矿带平均品位均在1g/t左右。
图2 柴蚂金矿床地质图(据西北有色地质勘查局717总队,2010*西北有色地质勘查局717总队.2010.陕西省凤县丝毛岭-柴蚂金铅锌矿床地质详查报告修编)
Fig.2 Geological map of the Chaima gold deposit
结合前人研究成果,本次工作对柴蚂金矿床1450中段的41穿脉进行了细致的观察和测量工作,根据不同矿脉的产状及其穿插关系、矿石的矿物组成和结构构造将其成矿过程划分为三个阶段:早期石英-碳酸盐阶段,主成矿期石英-碳酸盐-硫化物阶段和晚期石英阶段。
早期成矿阶段:该阶段产物为NW向顺层石英脉,脉体产状与地层产状基本一致,常呈揉皱状产出,有时其厚度、形态、产状变化很大,局部甚至呈团块状产出。一般规模较大,厚度大者可达1m以上。金品位较低,一般小于1g/t,很少能单独构成矿体。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿,含量很低,脉石矿物有石英、白云石和方解石。金属硫化物在石英和碳酸盐中呈星散状分布。矿石构造主要为团块状、脉状,矿石结构主要是自形-半自形粒状结构。本阶段发育的围岩蚀变主要为绢云母化。
主成矿阶段:形成富含硫化物石英脉(图3a, b),与地层斜交,倾角一般5°~45°,产状变化较大,主体表现为NE向,也有呈近NW向产出,有时发生揉皱。脉体规模不大,厚度大多小于1m。金品位较高,但有时单脉规模偏小。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿,少量的黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿,也有极少量的碲化物如碲银矿、碲铅矿。非金属矿物有石英、白云石、方解石、绢云母、绿泥石及钠长石等。黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等载金矿物与碳酸盐矿物密切共生,呈浸染状赋存于白云石或与其共生的方解石中(图3c-e)。金主要以粒间金、裂隙金和包裹金的形式存在,显微镜下常见黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿包裹自然金,或自然金分布于碳酸盐矿物与金属矿物粒间,显示与其共生(图3f,g)。矿石构造以浸染状、团块状为主,矿石结构主要有自形-半自形结构、半自形-他形结构及包裹结构等。本阶段发育的围岩蚀变以黄铁矿化、硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化为主。
表1柴蚂金矿床Sm-Nd同位素年龄测试样品信息
Table 1 The samples from the Chaima gold deposit for Sm-Nd age dating
样品号采样位置样品描述测年单矿物CM-18-11450中段41穿脉富硫化物石英脉,黄铁矿细粒半自形,呈浸染状分布于方解石中,方解石白色中粒,自形程度较好方解石CM-18-21450中段41穿脉富硫化物石英脉,细粒黄铁矿呈浸染状分布于方解石中,方解石白色中粒,自形程度较好方解石CM-38-31490中段40穿脉富硫化物石英脉,细粒自形-半自形黄铁矿呈浸染状、团块状分布于白云石中,白云石轻微氧化呈浅肉红色,中粒白云石CM-39-11490中段42穿脉-44穿脉间富硫化物石英脉,细粒黄铁矿呈浸染状分布于方解石中,方解石白色中粒,自形程度较好,石英灰白色方解石CM-51-41410中段43穿脉富硫化物石英脉,细粒黄铁矿呈细脉状、团块状分布于白云石中,白云石局部轻微氧化呈黄色白云石CM-51-71410中段43穿脉富硫化物石英脉,黄铁矿细粒呈细脉状、团块状分布于白云石中,石英灰白色白云石
表2柴蚂金矿床碳酸盐矿物Sm-Nd同位素比值和含量测定结果
Table 2 The Sm-Nd isotopic data of carbonate minerals from the Chaima gold deposit
样品号样品名称Sm(×10-6)Nd(×10-6)147Sm144Nd143Nd144NdCM-18-1方解石0.15740.38010.25080.512025±9CM-18-2方解石0.06580.29730.13350.511867±7CM-38-3白云石0.03560.13790.15710.511905±8CM-39-1方解石0.10950.25360.26240.512041±9CM-51-4白云石0.03120.15270.12630.511861±10CM-51-7白云石0.03230.10480.18520.511934±8CM-18-2稀醋酸溶物0.01570.11590.07920.511797±9CM-39-1稀醋酸不溶物0.31540.35420.53850.512408±7美国LaJollaNd同位素标准0.511863±6国际权威值:0.511860±20
晚期成矿阶段:该阶段产物为NE向节理脉,与地层斜交,可见到该阶段石英脉穿切主成矿阶段石英脉(图3b)。倾向为302°~335°,倾角较大,一般60°~85°。宽度普遍较小,一般仅几个厘米,有时小于1厘米,但常密集分布,其密集程度可达3~4条/米。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿,含量很少;脉石矿物主要为石英,有很少量的碳酸盐矿物。矿石构造以脉状、薄膜状为主,矿石结构主要为半自形-他形粒状结构。本阶段发育的围岩蚀变主要变现为硅化、绢云母化等。脉体两旁围岩常常发生褪色现象,呈灰黄色、灰绿色,与深灰色、灰黑色围岩截然区别(图3h)。
本次工作用于Sm-Nd同位素测年的碳酸盐矿物均是来自于主成矿阶段石英脉中与黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等载金矿物共生的白云石或方解石(图3c, d、表1、表2),无明显的后期蚀变。将方解石、白云石样品粉碎至40~80目,在双目镜下挑纯达99%以上,用蒸馏水清洗,低温蒸干,然后将纯净的方解石、白云石在玛瑙研钵内研磨至200目左右。
样品的Sm-Nd同位素组成测定在南京大学现代分析中心完成。为获得有一定差异的Sm/Nd而特选提取了稀醋酸溶物和不溶物。所分离样品中的Sm、Nd元素富集物的同位素比值测定均在英国制造的VG354热电离质谱计上完成。对美国La Jolla Nd同位素标准样中143Nd/144Nd的测定值为0.511860±8(2σ),n=8;标准化值采用146Nd/144Nd=0.7219校正。详细的Sm-Nd化学制备、质谱测定方法及标准样品测定结果参见相关文献(王银喜等,1998,2006; Wangetal., 2007)
方解石、白云石的Sm、Nd含量及同位素组成分析结果见表2。Sm-Nd等时线年龄计算采用国际通用的ISOPLOT计算程序(Ludwig, 1998),样品147Sm/144Nd比值误差分别为1%,143Nd/144Nd误差采用0.03%。计算获得的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为203.2±1.6Ma(图4),离散度4.3,143Nd/144Nd初始比值0.5116922 ±0.0000026。
图4 柴蚂金矿床碳酸盐矿物Sm-Nd等时线年龄图Fig.4 The carbonate minerals Sm-Nd isochron age plot for the Chaima gold deposit
图5 柴蚂金矿床碳酸盐矿物1/Nd-143Nd/144Nd关系图Fig.5 Diagram of 1/Nd vs. 143Nd/144Nd of carbonate minerals from the Chaima gold deposit
热液矿物Sm-Nd等时线定年的基本前提是同源、同时和封闭性,为确保所有样品达到同时、同源的基本前提,本次样品均为2号含矿带中主成矿阶段的石英脉型金矿石。由表2和图5可知,1/Nd与(143Nd/144Nd)之间不存在线性关系,这说明,图4所表现的直线具有等时线意义。因此柴蚂金矿床主成矿阶段发生于203±1.6Ma,即晚三叠世-早侏罗世。
近年来,系统的测年工作表明矿集区内主要金矿均形成于三叠世-侏罗世。汶博等(2008)利用铅同位素模式年龄测定柴蚂金矿成矿年龄为210Ma。冯建忠等(2003)获得八卦庙金矿早期NW向顺层石英脉的Ar-Ar等时线年龄为222.14±3.45Ma。韦龙明(2003)利用八卦庙金矿NW、NE向石英脉及条带岩型、千枚岩型矿石中的绢云母获得K-Ar年龄为159.7±3.4Ma~199.1±4.2Ma,金矿石中黄铁矿的U-Th-Pb年龄为210Ma。金勤海和鞠党辰(1990)获得双王金矿体中早晚两期黄铁矿的40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄值分别为183.09±20.64Ma和168.09±16.2Ma。
矿集区内主要岩体及岩脉的测年工作同样表明均形成于三叠世-侏罗世。张帆等(2009)获得矿集区东部西坝岩体的二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为219±1Ma,花岗闪长岩为218±1Ma;严阵等(1985)利用花岗闪长岩中的黑云母获得K-Ar年龄为214~148Ma。于学元等(1994)获得双王金矿钠长岩的K-Ar年龄为195.88±3.10Ma。王瑞廷等(2011)获得二里河矿区切穿矿体的闪长玢岩脉的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为214±2Ma,矿区内花岗斑岩脉年龄为217.9±4.9Ma。
由上述成岩成矿年龄可以看出,金矿化年龄在159.7~222.14Ma之间,集中在183.09~222.14Ma。成岩年龄在148~219Ma之间,集中在195.88~219Ma。成矿年龄不同程度的小于成岩年龄。毛景文等(2012)认为该地区的金矿可能是三叠纪大规模成矿的产物。
秦岭地区的碰撞造山作用主要发生于印支期,而后转入陆内构造演化阶段(张国伟等,2001,2004)。三叠纪末,秦岭在南北向强烈的构造挤压体制下,地层发生褶皱变形,发育脆-韧性剪切带,矿床初步定位。同时发生强烈的岩浆活动,秦岭地区广泛发育的印支期岩浆岩集中反映了全面碰撞作用(张国伟等,1996),岩体侵位后,又进一步促使剪切带中的Au被活化、改造,并伴随成矿热液运移至剪切带内有利扩容空间,最终沉淀成矿。燕山期秦岭转入陆内造山阶段,秦岭造山带进一步收缩挤压,剪切带抬升至地表进入脆性变形阶段,区域上再次出现大规模岩浆活动,成矿热液叠加在早期矿体之上,金矿床最终形成。
王义天等(2009)在综合研究矿集区褶皱、断裂、节理等构造要素和性质的基础上,认为凤太矿集区是以南北两条区域性断裂带的左行走滑运动为主导形成的大型走滑双重构造,在区内形成最大主压应力为NE向的局部构造应力场。空间上矿体的分布均受构造控制,时间上成矿作用与走滑双重构造的形成相吻合,碰撞造山-构造运动-矿床定位是一个连续的过程,造山过程中的强烈的构造运动对区内金矿床的形成和定位起主要的控制作用。
诸多成岩、成矿年龄及区域构造演化过程表明,凤太矿集区主要的岩浆作用、成矿作用及有关的构造活动均发生于印支末期。三者在时间和空间上的连续性和耦合性一致表明,柴蚂金矿床是秦岭后碰撞过程与岩浆热液活动有关的造山型金矿床。
柴蚂金矿主成矿阶段的白云石、方解石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为203.2±1.6Ma,指示其成矿时代为晚三叠世。柴蚂金矿床是凤太矿集区在印支晚期后碰撞过程中与岩浆热液活动有关的造山型金矿床。
致谢西北有色地质勘查局717总队和柴蚂金矿床的有关领导和技术人员在野外工作期间给予了大力支持和帮助;审稿人对文章提出了宝贵的意见和建议;在此一并致谢!
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