肖昂 周琼
Aflibercept治疗湿性AMD和黄斑水肿的相关研究现状
肖昂 周琼
Aflibercept;湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性;黄斑水肿
Aflibercept是一种可溶性诱导受体,可结合血管内皮生长因子-A和胎盘生长因子,从而阻止同源血管内皮生长因子受体的结合和激活,抑制视网膜血管增生,导致新生血管退化。作为眼科一种新的抗血管生成物,其药代动力学、安全性和耐受性等获得了临床研究依据,目前主要用于湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性和黄斑水肿的治疗,现将Aflibercept在湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性和黄斑水肿治疗中的相关研究作一综述。
[眼科新进展,2014,34(6):598-600]
在发达国家,糖尿病视网膜病变和年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)分别是导致中年人和老年人失明的主要原因[1-3],它们都具有一个共同特点,即病理性新生血管。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在视网膜新生血管生成中是必不可少的诱导因子,可导致视网膜新生血管异常增生[4-6],早期抑制VEGF能够阻止疾病的进展[7]。随着贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗的成功研发以及疗效的局限性、不良反应和经济问题的出现,研究者随之对Aflibercept进行了研究,现综述如下。
Aflibercept 是一种融合蛋白,它的配体结合域融合了来自VEGF受体1、2及IgG1的Fc部分[8-9]。Aflibercept 作为眼科一种新的抗血管生成物,是人VEGF受体Flt-1、KDR的细胞外区域部分与人IgG的Fe片段的结合体,阻止VEGF与Flt-1、KDR的结合,也作为一种可溶性诱导受体来结合VEGF-A和胎盘生长因子(placental growth factor,PIGF),抑制同源VEGF受体的结合和激活,且Aflibercept与血液中VEGF的亲合力比单克隆抗体高100~1000倍[10]。与雷珠单抗(Kd 46 pmol·L-1)和贝伐单抗(Kd 58 pmol·L-1)相比,Aflibercept与VEGF165具有高亲和力(Kd 0.49 pmol·L-1)[11],是目前为止唯一抑制VEGF-B和PIGF的重组VEGF受体蛋白[12]。Papadopoulos等[13]指出,Aflibercept与人VEGF-A具有高结合率,中和VEGF-A的效能强于雷珠单抗或贝伐单抗。这可能有利于减缓湿性AMD和黄斑水肿(macular edema,ME)的进展速度,使患者中央视觉维持较长时间,并减少给药频率。
2.1药代动力学眼部Aflibercept药代动力学的基础研究较少,多基于临床试验数据。Stewart等[14-16]研究发现,人眼每2周玻璃体内注射Aflibercept 2 mg在波峰和波谷阶段结合VEGF的水平均很高,由于Aflibercept的相对分子质量达115 000,Aflibercept在血清中的半衰期约18 d,高于贝伐单抗(8.25 d)和雷珠单抗(4.75 d);玻璃体内注射Aflibercept的半衰期达到7.1 d,高于雷珠单抗(4.75 d)和贝伐单抗(3.34 d)[15,17]。这使2个月一次的给药剂量成为可能,改变湿性AMD每个月一次注射的治疗方案,有利于定期复诊困难的湿性AMD患者。
2.2安全性、耐受性有研究发现,单眼玻璃体内注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg或4.0 mg,眼部耐受性良好,安全且无眼部毒性作用及眼部不良反应(0/51眼)[18-22]。Heier等[23]研究指出,Aflibercept单眼玻璃体内注射2.0 mg的眼部不良反应(包括眼内炎、视力下降、后囊膜混浊和视网膜出血)与雷珠单抗每个月给药的结果类似(Ranibizumab组1.83%、Aflibercept组1.17%)。
2.3用药方法和范围目前,Aflibercept眼部用药多为经验性的用药。在两项临床试验中,玻璃体内注射 Aflibercept 2.0 mg组最佳矫正视力和视网膜厚度稳定改善[22,24]。Nguyen等[22]和Heier等[23,25]研究发现,玻璃体内Aflibercept 2.0 mg/4周(每4周注射2.0 mg)组视网膜厚度平均减少量(170.9 μm)高于0.5 mg/4周Aflibercept组(149.5 μm)、0.5 mg组(129.8 μm)和Ranibizumab组(138.5 μm)。Aflibercept推荐治疗方案为初始3个月注射2.0 mg/4周,而后2.0 mg/8周[12,26]。更频繁地给药并不有利于患者[16]。Aflibercept主要适用于湿性AMD和ME的治疗。
2.4Aflibercept疗效目前治疗湿性AMD和ME的疗法中,除了激光光凝、贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗治疗,Aflibercept治疗也是研究热点,其光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)和视力改善指标(ETDRS字母表)成为评价疗效的重点。
2.4.1OCT指标Heier 等[23,25]和Zampros等[27]研究发现,玻璃体内注射Aflibercept治疗组视网膜厚度在第12周开始减少,并在第12-52周内继续减少,脉络膜新生血管范围在52周内平均退化了2.21 mm,脉络膜新生血管面积减少了6.0 mm2,高于雷珠单抗组(4.2 mm2),中央视网膜厚度减少了170.9 μm,高于雷珠单抗组(138.5 μm)。Do等[28-29]发现Aflibercept治疗组中央黄斑厚度减少范围(127.3~194.5 μm)高于激光组(58.4~67.9 μm)(P≤0.001)。在另一项研究中,Alfibercept治疗组视网膜厚度减少了457.2 μm,高于假性注射组(144.8 μm)(P<0.001)[30]。在3个月的疗程中,浆液性色素上皮脱离和视网膜渗出几乎完全消退[31];在6个月随访中,中央视网膜中央凹厚度平均减少了168 μm(P=0.004),色素上皮脱离最大高度和直径分别平均降低了56 μm(P<0.001)和316 μm(P=0.040)[32]。
2.4.2视力改善指标Do等[28-29]和Boyer等[30]研究发现,玻璃体内注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg组视力平均提高13.6个字母,高于激光治疗组(2.5个字母)和假性注射组(4.0个字母)(P<0.001)。在III期临床试验中,观察组1结果显示初始3个月后每2个月玻璃体内注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg组提高了7.9个字母,观察组2结果中提高了8.9个字母,且比雷珠单抗或贝伐单抗的用药次数少[33]。Tyagi等[34]指出Aflibercept在ME治疗中有一定的疗效和临床意义。OCT和视力改善指标表明,Aflibercept在治疗AMD中疗效较好[35],这使得Aflibercept在治疗脉络膜新生血管和ME中成为一个新的治疗方法[8]。
2.5不良反应众多研究结果显示[19,21,25,27,36],眼部对Aflibercept的一般耐受性良好,无严重不良反应,最常见不良反应包括结膜出血、一过性眼压升高、屈光不正、视网膜出血、主观性视力下降、玻璃体脱离、眼痛,发生率均很低。Heier等[23]研究发现玻璃体内注射Aflibercept 2.0 mg,眼部一般耐受性良好;少数患者在52周内出现眼压一过性升高,且玻璃体内注射雷珠单抗0.5 mg/4周组、0.5 mg/4周Aflibercept组、2.0 mg/4周Aflibercept组、2.0 mg/8周Aflibercept组不良反应(包括眼部异常、眼内炎、手术并发症、眼压升高)发生的概率分别是1.1/1000、0.1/1000、0.8/1000、0.2/1000,与雷珠单抗类似,且无注射剂量性不良反应的证据。
Aflibercept的药代动力学、安全性、耐受性和疗效等在研究中获得了临床依据。美国FDA已经于2011年9月批准Aflibercept应用于新生血管性AMD和ME的治疗[33,35]。Aflibercept的疗效、给药周期延长和给药次数减少等潜在优势可能能够稳定提高患者视力、降低患者复诊次数和经济负担[37-39],其眼科应用前景比较理想。但该药的临床试验基于小样本、短期的研究,我们需对Aflibercept的远期效果和大样本试验结果进行分析研究,今后需继续探索该药物的疗效、安全和价值的相关性,从而帮助和指导患者选择最佳治疗方案。
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date:Apr 26,2013
Related studies on Aflibercept for wet AMD and macular edema
XIAO Ang,ZHOU Qiong
Aflibercept;wet age-related macular degeneration;macular edema
Aflibercept is a soluble induced receptor,which can be combined with vascular endothelial growth factor-A and placental growth factor to block the binding and activation of these homologous vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.It also inhibits retinal angiogenesis and leads to degradation of the new blood vessels.As a new anti-vascular drug in ophthalmology,Aflibercept had been gained clinical basis of pharmacokinetics,safety and tolerability,used for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration and macular edema.This article reviews the related studies on Aflibercept for wet age-related macular degeneration and macular edema.
肖昂,男,1986年12月出生,湖北咸宁人,硕士。主要研究方向为眼底病。联系电话:15870647395;E-mail:xiao2818161@126.com
AboutXIAOAng:Male,born in December,1986.Master degree.Tel:15870647395;E-mail:xiao2818161@126.com
2013-04-26
330006 江西省南昌市,南昌大学研究生院医学部第一临床(肖昂);南昌大学第一附属医院眼科(周琼)
周琼,E-mail:qiong-ms@126.com
肖昂,周琼.Aflibercept治疗湿性AMD和黄斑水肿的相关研究现状[J].眼科新进展, 2014,34(6):598-600.
10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0165
【文献综述】
修回日期:2013-06-03
本文编辑:方红玲
Accepteddate:Jun 3,2013
From theGraduateSchoolofMedicineinNachangUniversity,FirstClinical(XIAO Ang);DepartmentofOphthalmology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity(ZHOU Qiong),Nanchang330006,JiangxiProvince,China
Responsibleauthor:ZHOU Qiong,E-mail:qiong-ms@126.com
[RecAdvOphthalmol,2014,34(6):598-600]