荔 童(综述),张示杰(审校)
泡球蚴病又称泡型包虫病(alveolar echinococcosis,AE),是由多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcusmultilocularis,E.m)的幼虫寄生于人体引起的人兽共患寄生虫病,在我国的新疆、甘肃、四川、宁夏、青海、西藏等地区均有流行,严重危害牧民生命健康安全。研究证实泡球蚴病的自然发展过程还是不明确的[1],如何预防和早发现、早治疗泡球蚴病正在被世界上一些泡球蚴疾病流行的城市所日渐关注[2]。目前该病已被列入国家免费救治项目。
泡球蚴病发病率约为0.3%~4.8%,在某些牧区高达10%[3-6]。通常初次感染10年或10年以上才出现明显的临床症状[7],外科手术仍是其首选方法,根治性肝切除是国内外学者公认有效的治疗方法。但因该病起病隐匿,大多数患者就诊时己有较广泛的肝浸润和转移,失去最佳治疗时机,故该病手术根治率低,约为20%~26%[8-9]。长期使用药物阿苯达唑控制绦虫生长是晚期泡球蚴病患者的关键手段。随着新的药物剂型不断的研制和应用,药物治疗效果有所提高,但仍不理想[10-13],对于抑制泡球蚴病的侵袭性生长方面的药物研究较少。
泡球蚴病几乎均原发于肝脏,呈癌样浸润生长,并可经血液向肺、脑等远处转移,其危害性较大,不经治疗者10年死亡率达93%以上[14]。泡状棘球蚴进入宿主肝内发育成泡囊,其周围发生肉芽肿反应,可见纤维结缔组织增生以及嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞和多核巨细胞浸润,形成泡球蚴结节。泡囊呈外向性生长,先是向外伸出伪足,后呈串珠状或原生质样条索向周围组织浸润性生长,随着时间的推移,中央逐渐形成微囊,病变与正常组织之间没有纤维包膜,往往出现由纤维细胞、成纤维细胞、上皮样细胞以及淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜酸细胞组成的细胞反应带,其浸润导致周围毛细血管增生。随着原头蚴的繁殖,病灶扩大,肝脏会遭到严重破坏,病灶中心可出现大片干酪样坏死,并出现特征性的钙盐沉积[15-16];同时可发生似恶性肿瘤样转移,故有“恶性包虫病”或“虫癌”之称。目前,有关泡状棘球蚴在宿主体内浸润性生长和转移的机制的研究较少,有待进一步研究。
血管新生(Angiogenesis)在正常组织中是被高度管制的行为,但是已经证明异常情况下的血管新生是恶性肿瘤的关键标志之一[17]。血管新生中关键的介质之一是血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)。
VEGF又称血管通透因子( vascular permeability factor , VPF)或血管调理素( vasculotropin) ,由 Ferrara等于1989年率先从牛垂体滤泡星状细胞的体外培养液中纯化得到( Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1989年),其是内皮细胞的特异性有丝分裂原,同时也是一种有效的促血管形成和增加血管通透性的诱导因子[18]。
VEGF的功能促进恶性肿瘤侵袭性生长:(1)VEGF促进肿瘤血管生长,VEGF与血管内皮细胞上酪氨酸激酶受体(VEGFR)的细胞外结合域结合后,使每两个单体受体分子在膜上形成二聚体,并致受体细胞内结合域尾部酪氨酸残基发生磷酸化,进而激活不同信号传导,刺激肿瘤血管生长[19-20]。另外,VEGF可通过诱导纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)、纤溶酶原激活物受(uPAR)及抑制因子(TIMPs)的合成与释放,促进血管细胞外基质的降解[21-22],或通过低氧诱导因子的作用诱导一氧化氮(NO)产生,进一步激活VEGF表达,促进肿瘤血管扩张和血流增加[23]。(2)VEGF阻碍肿瘤细胞被免疫系统识别和破坏,VEGF抑制造血祖细胞(HPCS)核转录因子KappaB,阻止其多向分化,影响免疫细胞生成,Price[24]等在对乳腺癌的研究中发现,VEGF诱导细胞外调节激酶-1,2和磷脂酰激酶-3活动,刺激乳腺癌细胞-T47D导致细胞信号改变。(3)Beate M. Lichtenberger[25]等研究显示:除了促进血管新生之外,VEGF还被认为是一个上皮细胞肿瘤的促进因子。
大量证据显示VEGF与肝脏肿瘤的侵袭生长和发展有关:(1)研究证实[2-29]相较于非恶性变肝肿瘤中,肝细胞癌的VEGF表达水平要高的多,而且在肝细胞癌中VEGF高表达水平往往和不良预后相关。(2)肝细胞肿瘤患者血清中VEGF含量高与肿瘤负担(Tumor Burden)和临床肿瘤侵袭现象有关[30-32]。(3)研究显示VEGF表达水平在肝细胞癌切除术后及肝动脉栓塞化疗后早期复发阶段升高[33-34]。
CD34是高度糖基化的Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白,属于表面分子涎酸粘蛋白家族成员之一,临床研究发现CD34除有造血作用外,在肿瘤新生血管形成过程中也起着重要的作用[35-36]。 CD34具有促进血管内皮细胞转移的作用:在血管新生初期静止的内皮细胞是如何转化为树突状细胞被视为是血管新生初期最重要的机制之一。Martin J[37]等研究显示:全基因组mRNA分析(Genome-wide mRNA profiling analysis )显示CD34阳性的血管内皮细胞被证实主要具有强大的血管新生和迁移的生物功能,与之相反的是CD34阴性的血管内皮细胞却主要具有增值能力,缺乏血管新生和迁移的生物功能,说明CD34在血管新生过程中有促进作用。
肝癌在发生发展中血管生成与其生物学行为关系密切,其中CD34被认为是所有血管内皮标记物中最能特异性标记肝癌中新生血管的指标。目前认为,VEGF是最强的促血管生成因子之一。肝脏泡球蚴的侵袭性生长方式与肝癌极其相似。因此初步探讨血管生成在泡球蚴侵袭性中的作用及抗血管生成药物对泡球蚴生长的影响是为临床上泡球蚴病晚期患者的保守治疗、手术后预防复发以及手术、药物的辅助治疗提供一个新途径,也是治疗的新靶点。
综上所述,包虫病与血管生成关系密切,在我们前期研究中发现,肉眼观察泡球蚴组织在生长时组织内外部均有血管生成,CD34免疫组化实验显示:在沙鼠泡球蚴病模型中血管内皮细胞胞浆内有大量黄褐色沉淀。初步说明了泡球蚴组织中确实存在血管新生的迹象。我们认为:对肝包虫病血管形成的更深入的研究可能有助于深入了解包虫病病发展过程的作用,同时也揭示在肝包虫病的治疗中,如何应用抗血管生成药物从而达到治疗肝包虫的目的。
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