梁至洁 贾苗苗 陈 钦 王 静 郑 瑛 李玲妹 曹旭晨
·临床研究与应用·
术后放疗对T1~2期伴1~3枚淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者预后的影响*
梁至洁①贾苗苗①陈 钦①王 静②郑 瑛①李玲妹③曹旭晨①
目的:研究T1~2期伴1~3枚淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的预后危险因素,并分析术后放疗对带有不同危险因素患者局部复发及生存的影响。方法:回顾性分析2000年1月至2002年6月457例于天津医科大学肿瘤医院诊治的T1~2期伴1~3枚淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的生存预后。通过Cox比例风险模型分析明确患者的独立预后因素,并以这些因素进行分层,通过生存分析探究放疗对不同亚组患者预后的影响。结果:放疗对整体患者的生存(HR=0.949,95%CI:0.435~2.074,P=0.896)与复发(HR= 0.611,95%CI:0.231~1.614,P=0.320)不是独立有益因素,结外浸润(ECE)和组织学Ⅲ级是预后的独立危险因素。以这两个危险因素分别进行分层分析后发现放疗对具危险因素患者的预后有统计学意义(ECE+组OS:P=0.020,LRRFS:P=0.014;GradeⅢ组OS:P=0.002,LRRFS:P<0.001;)对无危险因素组患者的预后无显著性差异(ECE-亚组OS:P=0.353,LRRFS:P=0.796;GradeⅠ~Ⅱ亚组OS:P=0.267,LRRFS:P=0.589)。结论:结外浸润和组织学Ⅲ级是T1~2期伴1~3枚阳性淋巴结乳腺癌患者预后的危险因素,放疗可以明显改善这些带危险因素患者的无局部复发生存和总生存,而对于未发生结外浸润及组织学级Ⅰ~Ⅱ的患者,放疗对预后的影响无显著性差异。
乳腺癌 放疗 结外浸润 组织学分级 预后
1The First Department of Breast Cancer,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research
Center of Cancer,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and
Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300060,China;2Department of Radiation,Tianjin Medical
University Cancer Institute and Hospital,Tianjin National Clinical Research Center of Cancer,Key Laboratory of Cancer Preven
tion and Therapy,Tianjin,Tianjin 300060,China;3Department of Pathology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hos
pital,Tianjin National Clinical Research Center of Cancer,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin,Tianjin
300060,China
This work was supported by The Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.11JCZDJC28000)
放疗是乳腺癌患者术后的重要辅助治疗之一,可改善患者的局部控制率及总生存率。目前对于T1~2期乳腺癌改良根治术后腋窝淋巴结转移>3枚的患者或腋窝清扫不彻底的1~3枚淋巴结转移的患者,术后行胸壁及锁骨上淋巴引流区的预防性放疗;而对伴有1~3枚淋巴结转移的腋窝清扫相对彻底的乳腺癌患者改良根治术后是否放疗一直存有争议。最新的NCCN指南对T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者术后放疗的选择已由“考虑”改为“强烈推荐”。然而仍有临床学者不建议在低复发率的情况下选择放疗[1],另有部分学者则认为应对此群组中带有高危因素的患者进行放疗[2-4]。目前正在进行的前瞻性临床试验,MRC/EORTC/SUPREMO试验,其入组对象包括T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者,入组患者随机进入胸壁放疗组或未放疗组,但目前未有完善结果[5]。本研究回顾性分析457例T1~2期1~3枚转移淋巴结乳腺癌患者的预后因素并初步探讨放疗在具不同危险因素患者中的应用价值。
1.1 一般资料
收集2000年1月至2002年6月在天津医科大学肿瘤医院诊治的552例术后病理证实腋窝淋巴结转移1~3枚乳腺癌病例,其中T1~2期457例纳入本研究,全组患者中位年龄51(26~79)岁,均行改良根治术,平均切检淋巴结17(4~53)枚,基本资料见表1。
1.2 术后治疗
术后行辅助化疗,采用CAF/CEF/CMF方案,4~6个周期。381例激素受体(ER/PR)阳性患者均接受内分泌治疗,采用他莫西芬或芳香化酶抑制剂治疗5年。346例患者接受术后放疗,放疗方案为患侧胸壁野+/-同侧淋巴引流区(锁上野、内乳野及腋窝野),胸壁采用6MEV电子线,DT(总剂量)45~50 Gy/25F,切口加量小野6MEV电子线加量,DT10~16 Gy。锁上野、内乳野采用6MEV电子线和6MV X线混合照射,DT50 Gy。
1.3 随访
患者在术后前2年门诊复查4次/年,以后2次/年,复查内容包括体格检查,血常规等,由门诊医生视情况决定是否行影像学检查。所有病例均有完整随访信息,由本院病案室进行电访或信访,随访间隔半年,直至患者死亡,本研究中位随访时间123(15~155)个月。局部复发定义为同侧乳腺、胸壁复发或腋窝、锁骨上及内乳淋巴结复发。无局部复发生存期(LRRFS)为手术之日至局部复发之日;总生存期(OS)为手术之日至死亡之日。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行计算,用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,Log-rank进行组间对比,用Cox比例风险模型进行预后的多因素分析。P<0.05为差异有统计意义。
随访过程中,19(4.16%)例患者发生局部复发,32(7.00%)例死亡。多因素分析结果显示,结外浸润(extracapsular extension,ECE)和组织学Ⅲ级分别为患者局部复发和死亡的独立危险因素,放疗不是改善局部复发和生存的独立因素(表2~3)。根据患者是否发生ECE和放疗分为为ECE-PMRT-组、ECE-PMRT+组ECE+PMRT-组及ECE+PMRT+组;根据病理组织学分级及是否放疗将患者分为GradeⅠ~ⅡPMRT-组、GradeⅠ~ⅡPMRT+组、GradeⅢPMRT-组及GradeⅢPMRT+组,各组局部复发及死亡情况见表4~5。分层分析发现,放疗对ECE-组患者生存及局部复发影响无统计学差异(OS:P=0.353,LRRFS:P=0.796),对ECE+组患者生存及局部复发皆有统计学差异(OS:P=0.020,LRRFS:P=0.014);放疗对GradeⅠ~Ⅱ组患者生存及复发影响无统计学意义(OS:P=0.267,LRRFS:P=0.589),对GradeⅢ组患者生存及复发皆有统计学意义(OS:P=0.002,LRRFS:P<0.001)。
Rangan等[6]曾报道,1~3个淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者术后在不接受放疗情况下,经化疗及(或)内分泌治疗后局部复发率可控制在10%左右,然而近几年的报道则倾向于放疗可改善这些患者的局部控制[2-3,7]。Huang等[2]对318例T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者预后分析发现,放疗可以改善局部复发(P= 0.004)和无病生存率(P=0.001),但不能控制远处转移率(P=0.074)和总生存率(P=0.239),Cosar等[7]的报道亦指出放疗对局部复发控制有统计学意义(P= 0.038),对总生存无显著影响(P=0.087)。安德森肿瘤中心(M.D.Anderson Cancer Center)[1]报道近年T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者10年复发率为4.3%,与本组总复发率(4.16%)相符。Olivotto等[8]及Taylor等[9]建议,若总体复发率低于10%,则不推荐放疗作为常规治疗。而本研究亦发现,放疗并不能改善整体生存率及局部控制,与国内一些报道不完全相符[10-11]。吴冬梅等[10]报道,放疗对T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者的5年生存率和复发率影响皆有统计学差异(OS:P=0.047,LRRS:P=0.034),郝建磊等[11]则报道在T2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者中放疗虽然可以控制整体的10年局部复发(P=0.035),但对总体生存率无影响(P=0.094)。本研究进一步分析发现放疗在局部高危亚组,即ECE+或gradeⅢ的患者中可以影响局部复发及总生存率。本研究与其它报道发现的不符考虑可能是不同样本之间高风险患者组成比例差异所致。
ECE是一种在腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者中常见的病理特征,是局部复发危险因素之一,在国外已受到不少学者关注[12-13]。Ilknur等[12]发现,ECE显著降低Ⅰ~Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者的无病生存率(P=0.040)和无远处转移率(P=0.002),Neri[13]等通过对376名T1~3期患者的分析后发现,ECE对无病生存率、局部无复发率、无远处转移率和总生存率的影响皆有统计学差异(DFS:P<0.001,LRRFS:P=0.037,DMFS:P<0.001,OS:P<0.001)。然而国内对ECE研究极少,宋艳群等[14]发现,ECE对4~9枚淋巴结转移患者的局部复发及生存率影响显著;Geng等[15]报道ECE是1~3枚淋巴结转移患者局部复发的危险因素(P= 0.006),却未分析其在T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者对放疗反应的影响。本研究发现ECE是T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者局部复发(HR=1.197,95% CI:1.097~3.6101,P=0.039)和死亡(HR=1.471,95% CI:1.121~3.475,P=0.009)的危险因素,虽然本文中ECE+患者的局部复发率小于10%(ECE+:8.0%vs. ECE-:3.3%),但分层分析发现放疗在ECE+患者中确实可以影响局部复发及总生存率,值得注意的是,若单独考虑未接受放疗ECE+患者,其复发率可高达25.4%,而另一方面,放疗对于ECE-患者的预后的影响并无统计学差异。Hamamoto等[16]分析248例未行放疗的T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结阳性患者局部复发率后发现,合并淋巴血管浸润阳性的激素受体阴性患者10年复发率由总体激素受体阴性患者的10%升至17%。基于Olivotto等[8]及Taylor等[9]的建议,Hamamoto认为应对激素受体阴性伴淋巴血管浸润阳性T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者进行放疗。本研究数据显示ECE+患者未经放疗干预的复发率为25.4%,亦符合放疗的指证。此外,放疗同样能逆转组织学Ⅲ级对预后的影响,而对gradeⅠ~Ⅱ患者预后无影响,而gradeⅢ组的总体局部复发率为20.0%,未经放疗干预的gradeⅢ患者的局部复发率高达54.5%。
随着对T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移患者高危因素的深入认识,对该类患者是否选择放疗的争论演变为应对何种患者放疗。目前各学者对高危因素的看法并不统一,淋巴血管浸润、阳性淋巴结比率,受体状态等因素亦在各家讨论范围[2-4,6],但因缺乏大样本的报道,故尚无定论。本研究亦存在一定的局限性,由于样本量限制,患者死亡及复发率很低,且属于回顾性研究,对各组患者的放疗选择不能控制,因此本文结果有待大样本前瞻性试验证实。
本研究显示,放疗仅对部分T1~2期1~3枚淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的预后有影响,ECE+和(或)组织学Ⅲ级的患者强烈建议接受放疗以获得更好的局部控制及生存率。
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(2013-09-05收稿)
(2014-01-25修回)
(本文编辑:周晓颖)
Effects of post-mastectomy radiation therapy on T1-2 stage and one to three positive lymph node breast cancer patients with different risk factors
Zhijie LIANG1,Miaomiao JIA1,Qin CHEN1,Jing WANG2,Ying ZHENG1,Lingmei LI3,Xuchen CAO1
Correspondence to:Xunchen Cao;E-mail:cxc@medmail.com.cn
Objective:To retrospectively evaluate the prognostic risk factors of T1-2 stage breast cancer patients with one to three positive node(s)and their effects on the benefits of post-mastectomy radiation therapy(PMRT).Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 457 breast cancer patients with T1-2 stage and one to three positive axillary lymph nodes treated in our hospital between 2000 and 2002.The independent prognostic factors of the patients were calculated by the Cox proportional hazards model.The patients were further classified into high-risk and low-risk subgroups according to the risk factors to explore the benefit of PMRT on the prognosis of different subgroups using survival analysis.Results:PMRT was not an independent beneficial factor of overall survival(OS)(HR=0.949; CI:0.435-2.074;P=0.896)or loco-regional recurrent free survival(LRRFS)(HR=0.611;CI:0.231-1.614;P=0.320)in all patients.Extracapsular extension(ECE)and pathological grades were independent prognostic risk factors,and the benefits of PMRT were significantly different on the prognosis of high-risk subgroup patients(group ECE+OS:P=0.020,LRRFS:P=0.014;group GradeⅢOS:P= 0.002,LRRFS:P<0.001).Meanwhile,PMRT failed to prolong the OS and LRRFS of low-risk subgroup patients(group ECE+OS:P= 0.353,LRRFS:P=0.796;group GradeⅠtoⅡOS:P=0.267,LRRFS:P=0.589).Conclusion:ECE and gradeⅢwere the independentrisk factors of death and loco-regional recurrence in the T1-2 breast cancer patients with one to three positive lymph node(s).PMRT was an effective adjuvant therapy to improve the prognosis of patients with high-risk factors.However,the benefit of PMRT had no significance in patients with ECE-or gradeⅠ-Ⅱ.
breast neoplasm,PMRT,ECE,histological grade,prognosis
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20131490
梁至洁 硕士研究生。研究方向为乳腺外科。
①天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺一科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室(天津市300060);②放疗科;③病理科
*本文课题受天津市自然科学基金项目(编号:11JCZDJC28000)资助
曹旭晨 cxc@medmail.com.cn
E-mail:lzjmed@163.com