韩雅玲,张权宇
(沈阳军区总医院心血管内科,沈阳 110016)
在世界范围内,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病是老年患者(≥75岁)致死、致残的首要原因[1,2]。目前,在接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的患者中,≥75岁的老年患者人数>35%,≥85岁的人群>11%,而这一比例正随着人口老龄化的加剧逐渐提高[1]。相对于中青年PCI患者而言,老年患者属冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)发病率明显增加的危险人群,合并多项危险因素,病史长,病变复杂,被某些人称为“介入治疗的陷阱”。2012年的美国ACC/AHA指南提出[3],行PCI治疗的老年患者有更高的并发症和死亡率,但指南同时明确指出:患者的年龄不应该成为影响PCI治疗的决定因素。本文主要讨论老年PCI患者相关的病因、病理生理学特征,老年PCI患者血运重建策略的基础研究及临床研究证据,血运重建的技术及相关药物研究进展,以及亟待解决的相关问题和展望。
高龄相关的PCI并发症显著增多。年龄本身即成为钙化病变的高危预测因子[4,5]。与<65岁的人群相比,≥65岁群体的多支病变、复杂病变比例明显增高[6,7]。有文献报道,老年患者年龄每增长1岁,其冠状动脉钙化积分将增长11%[4],而钙化病变则可能使手术难度增大,支架扩张不完全等,直接降低PCI手术成功率。老年CHD患者的PCI风险主要由以下多个因素参与。
有研究显示,血管内皮损伤后的修复能力可能和年龄相关[8,9]。随着机体年龄的增长,其内皮祖细胞的自我更新、自我修复能力逐渐减弱,导致血管收缩、舒张功能受限,对一氧化氮的反应性减弱,进而引起血管内皮及肌层的不良重构,最终引发老年患者支架术后的内皮化不良[10]。
出凝血功能失调也是老龄患者PCI风险增高的原因之一[10−12]。老年PCI患者血液中的因子Ⅶ、Ⅸ和Ⅹ,纤溶,抗纤溶复合物的含量远高于低龄人群[13]。老年PCI患者的这些变化在导致较高的支架内急性血栓风险的同时,其高龄相关的纤溶亢进也容易引发较高的出血风险[14]。
老年PCI患者在支架术后药物治疗过程中,如何选择合适的药物种类、治疗强度,需要综合考虑老年人的肝、肾代谢水平和代谢能力。首先是老年人的脂肪组织含量上升可能导致其对药物的反应性更敏感,进而放大副作用[15]。老年患者的肝血流减少、肝P450酶的活性下降等因素直接导致药物代谢的“首过消除效应”减弱,与此同时,肾的清除作用也随之减弱。上述年龄相关的药物代谢影响因素会直接导致PCI术后所应用的抗凝药物、抗血小板药物清除和代谢效率下降,导致老龄患者的凝血功能障碍。
随着年龄的增长,机体的心血管稳定性逐渐下降。年龄相关的进行性血管钙盐沉积、弹力蛋白断裂、胶原纤维的交联及数目增多等因素均会导致血管壁硬化,并最终引发收缩压上升、左心室负荷加重,心脏能量需求增加[16]。而心脏舒张压的下降则直接导致冠脉灌注不足,再加上冠脉粥样斑块引发的心供血不足,最终易引发心脏氧供平衡破坏[17]。cAMP合成减少引发的β肾上腺素受体功能损害,年龄相关的窦房结功能退化等,也参与了心血管系统稳定性减弱。
原有肾功能受损本身就与PCI术后的不良事件具有直接相关性[18],而高龄又是造影剂诱发的急性肾损伤的一个危险因子[19]。Fried等[20]定义了老年人特有的一种年龄相关性疾病,即“老年虚弱症(frailty)”,表现为机体活动能力减弱,营养状况不良,对外界不良的刺激因素感知不良,在75~85岁的社区人口中发病率约占10%,在≥85岁的人群中,发病率高达25%,是导致老年人外伤、感染、致残、住院等众多不良事件的高危因素。Afilalo等[21]在针对老年CHD患者的系统回顾分析中发现,老年虚弱症是老年人全因死亡的危险因子(OR:1.6~4.0)。同时,老年虚弱症也是老年患者PCI围术期死亡的重要原因[22]。
目前多项研究表明,老年CHD患者行PCI术后的临床不良事件发生率较非老年患者高,远期预后较差[23−25]。一项早期研究[26]纳入了1994~1997年的80~90岁的高龄PCI患者,与<80岁的群体相比,80~90岁的人群4年随访临床不良事件发生率升高2~4倍,其中,死亡率尤其明显(3.8%vs1.1%)。但进一步的分层分析显示:无危险因素的高龄人群中,死亡率仅为0.79%,而合并肾功能不全和(或)左心衰竭的高龄患者死亡率高达7.2%。该研究表明,虽然高龄为PCI术后不良事件的危险因素,但是心、肾功能受损等合并症成为影响高龄CHD患者PCI预后的最关键因素。
近年文献表明,根据医师经验对老年CHD患者进行筛查选择、改进PCI技术设备、改善药物治疗(如应用新抗血小板药物)等因素,可逐步降低老年PCI患者的临床不良事件[23]。在苏格兰进行的一项研究发现,3 513例老年(≥75岁)择期PCI患者30d的不良事件未见明显增多,这说明PCI能够有效解决老年稳定型CHD患者心脏血供问题,使他们从中获益[27]。还有研究提示高风险老年CHD患者(>65岁、心力衰竭、心肌标志物阳性)接受PCI比低风险患者获益更大[28−30]。上述提示,老年CHD患者是否进行PCI治疗,需要综合考虑患者自身状态(尤其是心、肾功能)、年龄、心肌缺血程度等因素,充分平衡风险与获益,最终提出个体化的治疗方案。
关于老年人ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)的诊疗,2012年ACC/AHA指南推荐如下:拟行PCI治疗的老年患者同非老年患者处理原则相同,要将患者本人及家属的意见纳入考虑范围,在STEMI的处理中,可优先考虑PCI,其次为溶栓治疗[3]。我国2010年急性STEMI诊治指南[31]推荐:(1)有选择的年龄≥75岁的STEMI患者、在36h内发生心源性休克、适于血管重建并可在休克18h内实行;(2)对于既往心功能较好、适于并同意血管重建者可考虑直接PCI(Ⅱa/B);(3)发病12~24h内具备以下1个或多个条件时可行直接PCI治疗,①严重心力衰竭、②血流动力学或心电不稳定、③有持续缺血的证据(Ⅱa/C)。根据目前国内外指南,推荐从患者入急诊科到实施球囊导管扩张时间应<90min。
对STEMI患者行直接PCI首次报道于1983年,20多年来发展迅速,目前已成为STEMI再灌注治疗的最主要手段之一。与溶栓治疗相比,PCI有以下优点:(1)PCI可快速恢复TIMI3级血流,成功率>90%,远高于溶栓治疗(约50%~60%),对侧支循环不佳的老年AMI患者尤其重要;(2)PCI治疗时间窗较溶栓治疗为宽,治疗时间的延迟对溶栓疗效影响较大而对PCI疗效影响较小;(3)与溶栓治疗相比,PCI的出血并发症发生率低,尤其可明显降低脑出血发生率;(4)PCI的心脏破裂风险显著低于溶栓治疗患者;(5)老年患者多支冠状动脉病变比例高,PCI过程中可详细了解冠状动脉解剖与病变,有利于以后进行外科或经皮冠状动脉血运重建;(6)对于临床或实验室表现不典型或需要鉴别诊断的患者,PCI前的冠状动脉造影可明确诊断,避免不适当地应用溶栓剂。
GUSTO研究首次发现PCI优于溶栓治疗,并且认为选择PCI较溶栓治疗使老年人群获益更大[32]。de Boer等[33]的研究将≥75岁的老年急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者随机分为介入治疗和溶栓治疗组,结果显示溶栓治疗30d的死亡、心肌梗死、卒中联合终点RR值为4.3(95% CI 1.2~20)。2011年公布的TRIANA研究为老年STEMI患者接受PCI治疗提供了新证据[34]。研究入选≥75岁(平均年龄81岁)的STEMI患者,发病6h内随机行PCI或溶栓治疗,其主要终点是30d内全因死亡、再发心肌梗死和卒中。结果显示,老年STEMI患者行PCI治疗较溶栓治疗获益更大,PCI治疗可明显降低30d内全因死亡、再发心肌梗死和卒中的发生率。
关于老年人非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-STEMI)的治疗,因老年CHD患者在non-STEMI早期较为危险(通常病情进展较快),应该尽早开通血管[35,36]。TACTICS-TIMI18研究结果提示,≥75岁的non-STEMI患者早期开通血管可使患者受益,6个月死亡和心肌梗死复合终点均明显下降(OR=0.44)。在CRUSADE研究中,入院48h内行PCI治疗的老年患者风险较低(OR=0.79)[1]。提示老年non-STEMI的ACS患者应早期进行PCI治疗。
老年患者心绞痛的择期PCI治疗,需要医师根据经验和患者的心脏损伤、缺血程度而定,缺血负荷重的老年患者选择PCI治疗后的获益较大。COURAGE研究[37]显示,对正在接受药物保守治疗的稳定型CHD患者进行PCI治疗,并未改善其远期生存率、非致死性心肌梗死发生率、ACS发病率等指标。在≥65岁人群的亚组分析中,针对老年CHD人群进行PCI治疗未见明显临床获益(OR=1.10)。但应用心脏灌注扫描显示,PCI治疗可以显著减少心肌组织缺血(药物治疗vsPCI,33%vs19%;P<0.05),说明PCI治疗仍有其潜在的优势[38],而且在重症心绞痛患者中,给予PCI治疗可明显改善心绞痛症状和生活质量。APPROACH研究发现PCI治疗可以显著改善老年患者的生活质量,证实了老年心绞痛患者接受PCI治疗的可行性和必要性[39]。
因为老年CHD患者年龄越大、预期寿命越短,因此在老年心绞痛患者的PCI治疗决策中,应该更加关注改善老年患者健康状况和生活质量是否提高[40]。
在心血管介入领域,药物洗脱支架(drug eluting stent,DES)和金属裸支架(bare metal stent,BMS)的选择是一个经典话题。目前尚无专门针对老年人群(>65岁)的随机对照研究。部分观察性研究支持老年CHD患者使用DES的结论,如Groeneveld等[41]观察了71 965例老年患者(平均年龄75岁)PCI过程中使用DES或者BMS的资料,发现DES可以降低死亡率(HR=0.83,95%CI 0.81~0.86),DES组2年的再次血运重建率也明显下降。另外一项入选262 700例老年患者(平均年龄73岁)的观察性研究也得出了选择DES的患者预后较好的结论[42]。最终结论仍需要大规模随机对照临床研究进一步验证。
随着药物研发领域的进步,目前可供老年CHD患者选用的抗血小板药物和抗凝药物越来越多,择其常用药物介绍如下。
3.2.1 血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa抑制剂(受体拮抗剂) 老年冠心病PCI患者应用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa抑制剂(glycoproteinⅡb/Ⅲa inhibitors,GPI)可显著降低缺血事件的发生[43]。但随着患者年龄的增长,使用GPI的比例逐渐下降,Hoekstra等[44]研究发现,年龄每增长10岁,GPI的临床应用比例下降2%。Boersma等的研究则进一步发现,使用GPI的临床获益随增龄而减小,其获益减小主要与高龄者出血风险增高有关。CRUSADE研究中,>75岁人群的使用率为65%,<65岁人群的使用率仅为9%,该观察性研究中高龄人群过度使用GPI导致其出血风险增加(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.12~1.70)[45]。因此在临床实践中,应防止老年PCI患者GPI的“过度应用”。
3.2.2 新型抗凝药物比伐卢定 REPLACE研究了比伐卢定(bivalirudin)单用和肝素加替罗非班(tirofiban)联用的效果,结果显示两组的抗缺血事件的效果相同,但是在≥75岁人群的亚组分析中发现比伐卢定组的抗缺血事件效果优于肝素加替罗非班联用组(OR=0.51,95%CI:0.26~0.98)[46]。ACUITY研究显示比伐卢定在≥75岁人群中能够显著降低出血风险[47]。ACTION研究[48]和Marso等[49]的研究亦显示出比伐卢定在高危出血风险老年冠心病患者群体中应用的优越性。
3.2.3 噻吩吡啶类药物 PCI术后常规应用噻吩吡啶类的抗血小板药物,以降低血栓事件(尤其是支架内血栓)的发生,但随着抗血小板药物应用时间的延长,其出血风险相应增加。PLATO研究老年亚组患者(年龄≥75岁)共计2878例(15.5%),其主要终点获益与PLATO试验总体研究结果一致,未见治疗与年龄间具有交互作用[50]。TRITON-TIMI 38研究[51]虽然发现接受PCI治疗的ACS患者应用普拉格雷(prasugrel)可减少心血管急性事件、非致死性心肌梗死和支架内血栓的发生;但在获益的同时可能增加出血风险。对>75岁人群的亚组分析未能发现普拉格雷比氯吡格雷有更多的获益。因此,美国FDA指出,>75岁人群应禁用普拉格雷。
对老年冠心病PCI患者,需要根据其冠状动脉病变的程度、全身状态(尤其是重要器官的功能)、血栓和出血风险,制定个体化治疗策略。关于老年患者的PCI诊疗,目前仍需在以下几个方面加以改进:(1)随着我国老龄化社会的到来,需要大量开展老年人相关的临床研究,增加老年人在临床试验中的分析权重;(2)目前老年人的定义仅仅是从年龄区分,而个体差异的变化使得研究目的难以聚焦。可以通过医学检测技术的改进,从功能学上定义“生理学意义”的老年人,以增加对老年群体诊断治疗的精准性;(3)老年人CHD的个体化治疗(尤其是抗栓治疗)需要进一步深入研究,以便更加精确地平衡疗效和安全性。
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