姜涛
【摘要】 目的:评价舒适麻醉在剖宫产手术中的应用效果。方法:选取本院2012年收治的122例行剖宫产手术的产妇,按照随机数字表法将其分为舒适麻醉组和传统麻醉组各61例,舒适麻醉组采取心理干预、腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉和术后镇痛的舒适麻醉方法治疗,传统麻醉组采取常规麻醉方式治疗,比较两组产妇的焦虑水平、麻醉效果和手术满意度情况。结果:舒适麻醉组入手术室时(T2)和麻醉开始时(T3)焦虑评分均明显低于传统麻醉组,舒适麻醉组麻醉效果明显优于传统麻醉组,舒适麻醉组麻醉效果Ⅲ级及以上的比例为75.4%明显高于传统麻醉组的42.7%,舒适麻醉组产妇满意度91.8%明显高于传统麻醉组的77.0%,比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:舒适麻醉流程有利于减轻产妇焦虑,提高麻醉效果和术后满意度,值得在临床上推广。
【关键词】 舒适麻醉; 产妇; 剖宫产; 效果; 评价
The Application and Evaluation of Comfortable Anesthesia Process in Cesarean Section/JIANG Tao.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(01):071-073
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the evaluation of comfortable anesthesia process in cesarean section.Method:One hundred and twenty-two women underwent cesarean section surgery were selected in our hospital in 2012,according to the random number table method they were divided into the comfortable anesthesia group and the traditional anesthesia group,61 cases in each group.The comfortable anesthesia group was given psychological intervention,combined spinal epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia comfort anesthesia treatment,the traditional anesthesia group was given routine anesthesia treatment.The level of anxiety,the effect of anesthesia and operation satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Result:The anxiety scores of entering the operating room time (T2) and starting of anesthesia time (T3) in the comfortable anesthesia group were lower than the traditional anesthesia group.The anesthesia effect of comfortable anesthesia group was obviously superior to the traditional anesthesia group,the anesthesia effect of comfortable anesthesia group Ⅲ and above the ratio of 75.4% was significantly higher than that of traditional anesthesia group (42.7%),pregnant women's satisfaction of the comfortable anesthesia group was 91.8%,it was obviously higher than that of the traditional anesthesia group(77.0%),the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:Comfortable anesthesia process will help reduce the anxiety of maternal,improve anesthesia effect and postoperative satisfaction.Its worthy popularized in clinical practice.
【Key words】 Comfortable Anesthesia; Maternal; Cesarean section; Effect; Evaluation
First-authors address:Leyu Peoples Hospital of Zhangjiagang City,Zhangjiagang 215621,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.01.034
随着医学技术的发展和人民生活水平的提高,越来越多的患者要求在诊疗过程中获得最大的舒适和无痛,麻醉无疑在这个过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用[1]。舒适麻醉是新近提出的一个概念,即通过采取合适的心理干预措施及麻醉诱导方式并结合术后多模式镇痛,以求整个麻醉流程最大限度减少患者围术期心理生理创伤[2]。本研究通过观察舒适麻醉在剖宫产手术中的运用,分析产妇围术期心理应激、疼痛反应和行为学反应,评价舒适麻醉在剖宫产手术中的运用效果,以期为临床应用提供基础性资料。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取本院2012年收治的122例择期行剖宫产手术的产妇,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,年龄21~35岁,平均(24.3±7.6)岁,孕周37~41周,平均(38±2.3)周,所有患者均无椎管内麻醉禁忌证、无镇痛药物服药史、无妊娠期高血压疾病、肝肾功能异常等,排除前置胎盘、瘢痕子宫、双胎或多胎等明显干预观察指标的产妇。按照随机数字表法将所有产妇分为舒适麻醉组和传统麻醉组各61例。其中,舒适麻醉组平均(25.2±8.1)岁,平均体重(59.7±10.3)kg,平均身高(163.7±11.2)cm,平均孕周(38.7±2.1)周;传统麻醉组平均(23.9±7.8)岁,平均体重(61.2±9.6)kg,平均身高(164.7±10.4)cm,平均孕周(37.9±2.7)周,两组产妇年龄、体重、身高、孕周等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 麻醉方法
1.2.1 舒适麻醉组 (1)围术期心理干预措施:术前访视时与产妇和家属沟通,详细介绍麻醉方法;术前1 d带产妇及家属参观手术室,介绍麻醉流程及相关注意事项,与产妇在麻醉手术室攀谈家常,模拟麻醉过程,与产妇熟悉,增加信任。(2)麻醉方式:采用腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉,产妇取左侧卧位,先行L3~4间隙硬膜外穿刺,成功后退出针芯,再插入腰穿针,注入麻醉剂后,拔除腰麻针,并经硬膜外穿刺向头端置入硬膜外导管。(3)术后访视3 d了解产妇术后疼痛及并发症情况并及时处理,做好解释工作和心理疏通。(4)术后镇痛采用舒芬太尼和布托啡诺配置的静脉镇痛泵,对于呕吐严重的采用氟哌利多镇吐。
1.2.2 传统麻醉组 (1)术前1 天于病房访视,与家属沟通麻醉流程及相关注意事项,与产妇交流以增进信任。(2)麻醉方式:采用单纯性硬膜外麻醉,L2~3间隙硬膜外穿刺。(3)术后访视3 d了解产妇术后疼痛和并发症并及时处理,做好解释和心理疏导。(4)术后采取常规镇痛措施。
1.3 评价标准 (1)焦虑情况评分:分别于术前访视时(T1)、入手术室时(T2)、麻醉开始时(T3)、术后6 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)五个时点,分别采用“汉密尔顿焦虑量表”(HAMA)评估各组产妇的焦虑水平。(2)麻醉效果评价:镇痛效果较差,疼痛剧烈,腹肌紧张,牵拉反应较重,为Ⅰ级;镇痛效果有限,疼痛较轻,腹肌较紧,牵拉反应较轻微,为Ⅱ级;镇痛效果良好,腹肌轻微紧,为Ⅲ级;镇痛效果较好,腹肌松软,为Ⅳ级[3]。满意度调查:于术后72 h回访产妇满意度。
1.4 统计学处理 采用Excel 2003建立数据库,采用SPSS 17.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料采用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组产妇焦虑状况评分比较 舒适麻醉组T2、T3时评分均明显低于传统麻醉组,比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组产妇麻醉效果比较 舒适麻醉组麻醉效果明显优于传统麻醉组,舒适麻醉组麻醉效果Ⅲ级及以上的比例为75.4%明显高于传统麻醉组的42.7%,比较差异有统计学意义(字2=13.556,P=0.000),见表2。
表2 两组产妇麻醉效果比较 例(%)
组别 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级
舒适麻醉组(n=61) 4(6.6) 11(18.0) 27(44.3) 19(31.1)
传统麻醉组(n=61) 11(18.0) 24(39.3) 17(27.9) 9(14.8)
2.3 两组术后72 h产妇满意度情况比较 舒适麻醉组产妇满意度91.8%明显高于传统麻醉组的77.0%,比较差异有统计学意义(字2=5.050,P=0.023),见表3。
表3 两组术后72 h产妇满意度情况比较 例(%)
组别 满意 基本满意 不满意
舒适麻醉组(n=61) 33(54.1) 23(37.7) 5(8.2)
传统麻醉组(n=61) 19(31.1) 28(45.9) 14(23.0)
3 讨论
近年来随着医学技术的发展,新型麻醉药物也不断在临床应用,麻醉方式也不断改善,在提高手术安全性的同时,也进一步减轻了手术者在术中的痛苦,舒适麻醉流程作为一种应激反应少、痛苦少、并发症少、麻醉效果好的综合麻醉方式,越来越在临床手术中受到青睐[4]。由于产妇特殊的生理和心理特点,常常会在怀孕期间产生焦虑心情,剖宫产手术在一定程度上会加剧产妇的焦虑,产生严重的心理生理反应,增加了手术麻醉风险,加剧术后疼痛,影响术后恢复,甚至留下永久的精神创伤[5-6]。
舒适麻醉组通过术前对产妇的综合心理干预,能够有效减轻产妇麻醉过程的焦虑,提高麻醉效果。术前准备时,与产妇及家属交流,术前1天带产妇及家属参观麻手术室,模拟麻醉过程,可以有效降低产妇心理应激发生,舒适麻醉组入手术室时和麻醉开始时评分均低于传统麻醉组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。心理满足已成为产妇麻醉的重要组成部分[7]。
本研究发现,舒适麻醉组采用腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉,以及术后采用静脉泵镇痛,可以有效提高麻醉效果,同时减轻产妇围术期疼痛,与Abizanda等[8]和胡玲等[9]研究结论一致。本研究于术后72 h对本次手术产妇满意度进行调查发现,舒适麻醉组产妇满意度91.8%明显高于传统麻醉组的77.0%。这说明舒适麻醉模式给产妇造成的痛苦少,容易被产妇所接受,与Ninidze等[10]报道结论相同。因此,采取围手术期心理干预和多模式镇痛相结合的舒适麻醉,有利于减轻产妇焦虑,提高产妇麻醉诱过程中的合作度,提高麻醉效果,减少手术及麻醉并发症,同时,增加产妇对手术的满意度,值得在临床上进一步推广。
参考文献
[1]杨承祥.麻醉与舒适医疗[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2011:1-3.
[2] Bengisun Z K,Salviz E A,Darcin K,et al.Intraarticular levobupivacaine or bupivacaine administration decreases pain scores and provides a better recovery after total knee arthroplasty[J].Journal of Anesthesia,2010,24(5):694-699.
[3]王敏.腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉在剖宫产手术中的应用[J].中外医学研究,2013,11(1):23.
[4]周晓雪,卫强,戴载深.舒适麻醉流程在学龄前期小儿手术中的应用[J].按摩与康复医学,2012,3(12):412.
[5]魏海茹,杜义敏,李丽雅,等.孕妇心理状况调查分析[J].河北医药,2011,33(4):617-618.
[6] Mowatt L,Youseff E,Langford M.Anaesthesia for phacosemulsification surgery:is it as comfortable as we think?[J].Journal of perioperative practice,2010,20(1):30.
[7]蒋红玲.对剖腹产产妇心理干预的实证分析[J].湖南科技学院学报,2008,29(12):82-83.
[8] Abizanda F P,Reina M A,Ruiz I F,et al.Paresthesia in various spinal anesthesia techniques for cesarean section[J].Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim,2007,54(9):529.
[9]胡玲.不同镇痛方式对剖宫产手术患者应激反应及焦虑状况的影响[J].医学临床研究,2013,30(3):512-515.
[10] Ninidze N N,Chelidze G D,Davarashvili D I,et al.The importance of labor pain relief in the process of childbirth,the regional anaesthesia in caesarean section and in operational gynaecology[J].Georgian Medical News,2006,12(138):89.
(收稿日期:2013-07-03) (本文编辑:欧丽)
参考文献
[1]杨承祥.麻醉与舒适医疗[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2011:1-3.
[2] Bengisun Z K,Salviz E A,Darcin K,et al.Intraarticular levobupivacaine or bupivacaine administration decreases pain scores and provides a better recovery after total knee arthroplasty[J].Journal of Anesthesia,2010,24(5):694-699.
[3]王敏.腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉在剖宫产手术中的应用[J].中外医学研究,2013,11(1):23.
[4]周晓雪,卫强,戴载深.舒适麻醉流程在学龄前期小儿手术中的应用[J].按摩与康复医学,2012,3(12):412.
[5]魏海茹,杜义敏,李丽雅,等.孕妇心理状况调查分析[J].河北医药,2011,33(4):617-618.
[6] Mowatt L,Youseff E,Langford M.Anaesthesia for phacosemulsification surgery:is it as comfortable as we think?[J].Journal of perioperative practice,2010,20(1):30.
[7]蒋红玲.对剖腹产产妇心理干预的实证分析[J].湖南科技学院学报,2008,29(12):82-83.
[8] Abizanda F P,Reina M A,Ruiz I F,et al.Paresthesia in various spinal anesthesia techniques for cesarean section[J].Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim,2007,54(9):529.
[9]胡玲.不同镇痛方式对剖宫产手术患者应激反应及焦虑状况的影响[J].医学临床研究,2013,30(3):512-515.
[10] Ninidze N N,Chelidze G D,Davarashvili D I,et al.The importance of labor pain relief in the process of childbirth,the regional anaesthesia in caesarean section and in operational gynaecology[J].Georgian Medical News,2006,12(138):89.
(收稿日期:2013-07-03) (本文编辑:欧丽)
参考文献
[1]杨承祥.麻醉与舒适医疗[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2011:1-3.
[2] Bengisun Z K,Salviz E A,Darcin K,et al.Intraarticular levobupivacaine or bupivacaine administration decreases pain scores and provides a better recovery after total knee arthroplasty[J].Journal of Anesthesia,2010,24(5):694-699.
[3]王敏.腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉在剖宫产手术中的应用[J].中外医学研究,2013,11(1):23.
[4]周晓雪,卫强,戴载深.舒适麻醉流程在学龄前期小儿手术中的应用[J].按摩与康复医学,2012,3(12):412.
[5]魏海茹,杜义敏,李丽雅,等.孕妇心理状况调查分析[J].河北医药,2011,33(4):617-618.
[6] Mowatt L,Youseff E,Langford M.Anaesthesia for phacosemulsification surgery:is it as comfortable as we think?[J].Journal of perioperative practice,2010,20(1):30.
[7]蒋红玲.对剖腹产产妇心理干预的实证分析[J].湖南科技学院学报,2008,29(12):82-83.
[8] Abizanda F P,Reina M A,Ruiz I F,et al.Paresthesia in various spinal anesthesia techniques for cesarean section[J].Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim,2007,54(9):529.
[9]胡玲.不同镇痛方式对剖宫产手术患者应激反应及焦虑状况的影响[J].医学临床研究,2013,30(3):512-515.
[10] Ninidze N N,Chelidze G D,Davarashvili D I,et al.The importance of labor pain relief in the process of childbirth,the regional anaesthesia in caesarean section and in operational gynaecology[J].Georgian Medical News,2006,12(138):89.
(收稿日期:2013-07-03) (本文编辑:欧丽)