刘雨晴,薛明,赵天增,张海艳,于立芹
(1.河南省科学院天然产物重点实验室,河南郑州450002;2.山东农业大学植物保护学院,山东泰安271018)
黄荆(Vitex negundo Linn.),落叶灌木或小乔木,高可达6 m,枝叶有香气;新枝方形,灰白色,密被细绒毛;叶对生,掌状复叶,具长柄,通常5出,有时3出;小叶片椭圆状卵形,长4~9 cm,宽1.5~3.5 cm,中间的小叶片最大,两侧次第减小,先端长尖,基部楔形,全缘或浅波状,或每侧具2~5浅锯齿,上面淡绿色,有稀疏短毛和细油点,下面白色,密被白色绒毛;圆锥花序,顶生;萼钟形,5齿裂;花冠淡紫色,唇形,长约6 mm,上唇2裂,下唇3裂;雄蕊4,2强;子房4室,花柱线形,柱头2裂;核果,卵状球形,褐色,径约2.5 mm,下半部包于宿萼内;花期6~8月,果期8~9月,生于向阳山地。黄荆又叫黄荆子、荆条、五指风等,是马鞭草科黄荆属植物,原产于印度,主要分布在温带和热带地区,在我国河南、山东、山西、陕西、甘肃、浙江和江苏等地均有分布。
黄荆种子、叶片、树皮和根中含有多种结构新颖、生物活性强的次生代谢物质,已见黄荆化学成分的报道有120多种,分别是萜烯类、黄酮类、植物甾醇、木脂素及其衍生物等[1-3]。
萜烯类化合物是黄荆中种类最丰富,数量最多的一类化合物,并且不断有新骨架被发现,药效实验显示其具有很强的生物活性。因此多年来,萜烯类化合物的分离鉴定一直是黄荆化学成分研究的重点和热点。自上个世纪六十年代以来,国内外学者对黄荆的内含物进行了大量研究,现已从该植物的种子、叶片、根和茎的树皮中分离和鉴定出61种萜烯类成分,其中单萜有十余种,见表1。
表1 黄荆植株中单萜类化合物Table 1 Monoterpenes of V.negundo
黄荆中含有 21 种单萜衍生物,分别是:4-松油醇(4-Terpine-Ol[4])、乙酸松油酯(Terpinyl Acetate[8])、乙酸龙脑酯(Bornyl Acetate[7])、香草酸又名香荚兰酸(Vanillic Acid[9])、1,8-桉树脑(1,8-Cineole[7])、桉树脑又名桉叶素 (Eucalyptol[5])、樟脑 (Camphor[8])、乙酸芳樟酯 (Linalyl Acetate[1])、硭牛儿醇又名香叶醇(Geraniol[1])、香茅醇(Citronellol[1])、马鞭草烯酮(Verbenone[1])、香茅醛又名香草醛(Citronellal[1])、顺 - 桧烯水合物(Cis-Sabinene Hydrate)、E-(Β)-罗勒烯(E-(Β)-Ocime Ne[1])、反式 - 氧化芳樟醇(Trans-Linalool Oxide[1])、顺式 - 氧化芳樟醇(Cis-Linalool Oxide[1])、α-松油醇(α-Terpineol[1])、α-乙酸松油酯(α-Terpinyl Acetate[1])、柠醛檬(Citral[6])。
黄荆中含有 13 种倍半萜化合物,分别是:β-石竹烯(Beta-Caryophyllene)[8]、α-愈创烯(α-Guaiene)[4]、别-香树烯(Alloarom Adendrene)和法呢烯(又名金合欢烯,β-Farnesene)[5]、Δ-榄香烯(Delta-Elemene)[7-8]、β-愈创烯(β-Guaiene)[7]、α-依兰烯(α-Ylangene)、α-古巴烯(又名 α-胡椒烯,α-Copaene)、α-葎草烯(α-Humulene)、β-没药烯(β-Bisabolene)、γ-杜松油烯(γ-Cadinene)、α-古云烯(α-Gurjunene)、β-波旁老鹳草烯又名 β-波旁烯(β-Bourbonene)[1]。
黄荆中含有11种倍半萜衍生物,分别是:β-桉叶油醇(β-Eudesmol)[10]、石竹烯氧化物(Caryophyllene Oxide)[4]、斯巴醇(Spathulenol)[4]、3-Formyl-4,5-Dimethyl-8-Oxo-5H-6,7-Dihydronaphtho(2,3-b)Furan[11]、青蒿亭(Artemetin[12])、绿化白千层醇(Virdiflorol[13])、兰桉醇(Globulol[4])、乙酰石竹酸(Acetyl Oleanolic Acid[11])、β-红没药醇(β-Bisabolol[1])、橄榄醇又名榄香醇(Elemol[1])、橙花叔醇((Z)-Nerolidol[1])。
黄荆种子中含有一对半日花烷型二萜,即(rel 3S,5S,8R,9R,10S,13S,16S)-3-acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-16-hydroxy-labda-15,16-olide和 (rel 3S,5S,8R,9R,10S,13S,16R)-3-acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-16-hydroxylabda-15,16-olide,它们是非对映异构体[14]。
黄荆中含有8种三萜类化合物,分别是:
(1)角鲨烯,又名鲨鱼烯(Squalene)[13];
(2)桦木脑酸(Betulinic Acid)[15];
(3)熊果酸,又名乌苏酸(Ursolic Acid)[15];
(4)3β-Acetoxyolean-12-En-27-Oic Acid[3];
(5)2α,[3α-Dihydroxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];
(6)2β,3α-Diacetoxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];
(7)2α,3β-Diacetoxy-18-Hydroxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];
(8)羽扇豆醇(Lupeol[16])。
黄荆中含有 6 种环烯醚萜烯类化合物[4,17]。分别是:穗花牡荆苷(Agnuside)[13]、Lagundinin[10]、2'-PHydroxybenzoyl Mussaenosidic Acid[18], 6'-P-Hydroxybenzoyl Mussaenosidic Acid[18], Negundoside[19]、Nishindaside[20]。
黄荆中含有1种生物碱类化合物,即苯基萘型木脂素生物碱黄荆素碱A[21]。
黄荆中含有15种黄酮类化合物[18]。分别为:
(1)毛地黄黄酮(Luteolin[21]);
(2)荭草素(Orientin[22]);
(3)牡荆苷(Vitexin);
(4)山奈酚 (3,4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone)[9];
(5)查耳酮[23];
(6)黄酮苷 C-Glycosides[9];
(7)5,7,3'-Trihydroxy,6,8,4'-Trimethoxy Flavones[24];
(8)5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,3,4'-Pentamethoxyl Flavone[18];
(9)蔓荆子黄素(Vitexicarpin[21,24]);
(10)异荭草素(异荭草苷)(Isoorientin[21]);
(11)黄酮苷 6-C-Glucosyl-5-O-Rhamnopyranosyl Trimethoxy Wogonin[23];
(12)黄酮苷 Acerosin-5-O-Glucoside-Monoacetate[23];
(13)5,3'-Dihydroxy-7,8,4'-Trimethoxy Flavanone[25];
(14)6-C-Glucosyl-Flavonoids[23];
(15)5β-Hydro-8,L1,13-Abietatrien-6Α-Ol[12]。
黄荆中含有7种木脂素和7种木脂素衍生物[21],木脂素分别是 6-Hydroxy-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Meth-Oxyphenyl)3-Hydroxymethyl-7-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydro-2-Naphthaldehyde、NegundinA、NegundinB、(+)-Diasyringaresinol、(+)-Lyoniresinol、(+)-(- )-Pinoresinol和(+)-Lyoniresinol-3a-O-Β-D-Glucoside[2]。
Masateru Ono于2004年,从黄荆种子中分离出7种木脂素衍生物[21],分别是:
(1)Vitedoin A
[6-Hydroxy-4β-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-Phenyl)-3Α-Hydroxylmethyl-5-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydro-2-Naphthaldehyde];
(2)Vitedoamine A
[6-Hydroxy-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)-7-Methoxy-3-Nicoticmethyl-2-Naphthoic Acid-Γ-Lactam];
(3)Vitedoin B
[(Rel-3S,5S,8R,9R,10S)-3-Acetoxy-14,15,16-Trinor-13,9-Labdanolide];
(4)Detetrahydroconidendrin;
(5)Vitrofolal E;
(6)Vitrofolal F;
(7)2R,3Β-7-O-Methylcedrusin。
黄荆叶子,根和树皮中含有两种谷甾醇类物质,分别为 β-谷甾醇(Beta-Sitosterol[8]),谷甾醇(Sitosterol[11])。
黄荆中含有三种酚酸类物质,分别是:对羟基 - 苯甲酸(P-Hydroxybenzoic Acid[15,21]),Phenolic Acids[26],二甲基甲酚(Bis[1,1-Dimethyl]Methylphenol[4])。
另外 黄 荆 中 还 含 有 三 十 一 烷 醇 (Hentriacontanol[15])、D-果 糖 (D-Fructose[21])、Negundoside[19]、Alkaloids[26]和环戊烯二醛(Rotundial[27])。
黄荆的种子、根、茎、叶、花均可以入药,具有去痰、止咳、缓解支气管痉挛等作用,并能防治甲醛性关节炎肿胀的发展,对细菌有较广泛的抑制作用[28]。黄荆挥发油对慢性气管炎有疗效,现已有挥发油胶囊投放市场[29]。
黄荆提取物具有明显的抗氧化性,具有抗氧化活性的主要是黄酮类化合物,比如毛地黄黄酮通过抗氧化活性达到抑制白内障的作用[30]。
黄荆根甲醇提取物具有抑制脂加氧酶的活性,Vitrofolal E表现一定的抗丁酰胆碱酯酶的活性[2];黄荆中的木脂素类物质具有清除自由基活性[21]。
2.2.1 黄荆的杀虫谱和作用方式
目前,国内外对黄荆杀虫活性的研究,主要集中在对黄荆叶片的直接利用和黄荆种子与叶片粗提物的杀虫活性方面。黄荆具有广泛的杀虫谱(见表2)。
表2 黄荆杀虫谱Table 2 Insecticidal scope of V.negundo
续表2
对黄荆杀虫活性成分的研究,主要是对储粮害虫和卫生害虫。伞花烃对麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella有毒杀活性[18];β-蒎烯对麦蛾有驱避作用[18];β-桉叶油醇对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella等农业害虫的卵和幼虫有毒杀活性[10];α-蒎烯和桉树脑对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais成虫具有趋避、熏蒸和触杀作用,对玉米象种群繁殖有强烈的抑制作用,持续控制效果十分理想[31];乌苏酸对蓖麻螟蛉Achoea janata 3龄幼虫有拒食作用[15];绿化白千层醇对绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis产卵有抑制作用,对米象Sitophilusoryzae Linne有拒食作用[13];环戊烯二醛对埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti有驱避作用[17]。
2.2.2 黄荆的作用机理
对黄荆杀虫机理的研究较少,黄荆提取物对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis的乳酸脱氢酶有强烈的抑制作用[32];对棉红蝽Dysdercus cingulatus中肠消化酶系造成严重损害,使消化酶含量降低[33]。本实验室卢传兵[31]报道了黄荆中萜烯类成分桉树脑和α-蒎烯对玉米象AChE有显著的抑制活性,IC50分别为6.05×103和2.88×103mg/L,表明AChE是桉树脑和α-蒎烯的作用靶标之一。
2.2.3 黄荆的增效作用
黄荆提取物能够增强其他组分的杀虫活性,黄荆种子提取物和吡虫啉混用能够增加吡虫啉对桃蚜的驱避作用[56];其与莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi以14.22:1比例混合对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的联合作用较强[57];与核型多角体病毒联合使用,能够使棉铃虫的取食率、对食物的利用率和排泄受到影响,破坏中肠细胞组织,抑制其消化酶的活性[58-59],增加棉铃虫的死亡率;与印楝油联合对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的拒食作用增强[58]。
在较低的浓度下,黄荆提取物和细菌毒素对美洲稻弄蝶的肠道酶系联合作用,能够抑制碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和ATPase酶的活性[60];其与核型多角体病毒联合作用能够严重损害棉铃虫中肠细胞组织,降低其消化酶的活性[61]。
2.2.4 黄荆对天敌的安全性
黄荆提取物对大草蛉、草蛉(卵、幼虫、成虫)、绿草蛉、稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicun(卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫)、猎蝽、螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(成虫)等昆虫天敌均具有较好的安全性[55,62-63]。
黄荆提取物有广谱的抑菌活性,既可以抑制球菌也可以抑制杆菌;既可以抑制革兰氏阳性菌,又可以抑制革兰氏阴性菌。
黄荆叶片提取物可以通过抑制分生孢子的萌发及菌丝体的生长,防止镰刀菌引起的金合欢Acacia farnesiana落叶病[64],对大豆真菌 Colletotrichum truncatum、Fusarium oxysporum 和 Macrophomina phaseolina有明显的抑制作用[65],还能抑制芽腐病菌Fusarium oxysporum丝体的生长和菌核的产生[66]。
利用黄荆防治病虫害,目前只是停留在对其叶粉和粗提物的直接应用阶段,而植物性杀虫剂的开发利用在资源和环境方面存在诸多问题,因此其研究与开发的重点应是间接开发利用。事实也确实如此,间接利用是当前国外植物性杀虫剂研究开发的重点,也是我国这类研究发展的方向。因此我们可以在前人研究的基础上,继续研究黄荆的杀虫成分,探讨其作用机理,为这一杀虫植物的进一步开发利用和仿生合成奠定基础,该研究对于实现害虫的可持续治理有着重要的理论和实践意义。
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