植茶年限对土壤团聚体氮、磷、钾含量变化的影响

王晟强， 郑子成， 李廷轩

(四川农业大学资源环境学院，四川成都 611130)

植茶年限对土壤团聚体氮、磷、钾含量变化的影响

王晟强， 郑子成， 李廷轩*

(四川农业大学资源环境学院，四川成都 611130)

植茶年限； 土壤团聚体； 氮； 磷； 钾

Abstract: Through field investigation and laboratory analysis, effects of ages of tea plantations on changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in soil aggregates were studied. Results show that the contents of soil available K are increased first and then decreased with the increase of particle sizes of soil aggregates, and higher values which are from 38.52 to 70.32 mg/kg are found in 0.5-0.25 mm particle size. The distributions of total P and total K and available N are relatively even in soil aggregates of all particle sizes, and their coefficients of variation are 2.77%-11.58%, 0.82%-3.72% and 5.98%-10.62% separately. However, the contents of total N and available P are increased with decrease of particle sizes of the soil aggregates, and higher values(0.40-0.98 g/kg and 8.53-29.32 mg/kg) are found in <0.25 mm particle size. Along with rising ages of the tea plantations the contents of total N and total P and available N and P present increasing trends in soil aggregates of all particle sizes. However, the contents of available K display decreasing trends, and the contents of total K show no significant changes. The contribution rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in soil aggregates(>5 mm) are 45%-72%. Along with rising ages of the tea plantations, the contribution rates of >5 mm aggregates nutrient contents present increasing first and then decreasing trends, and higher values are found in tea plantations with ages of 23 and 31 years(60%-72%). The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium retaining capacities and supplying capacities are significantly different in soil aggregates with different particle sizes. Long-term cultivation of tea is beneficial to soil aggregates total N and P and available N and P accumulations. However, the contents of available K are decreased year by year, and the contribution rates of >5 mm aggregates nutrient contents are found to be higher in tea plantations with ages of 23 and 31 years, and declined somewhat afterwards. Therefore, in management of tea gardens, it is essential to adopt balanced application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and in tea plantations which are older than 23 years, to use organic manure in addition, so as to promote the increase of soil aggregates content and improve the capacity of tea garden soil fertilizer conservation and fertilizer supply.

Keywords: tea plantation age; soil aggregates; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium

茶树(Camelliasinensis) 属山茶科山茶属，为多年生常绿木本植物，是我国重要的经济作物之一。统计表明，2012年我国茶园面积达238×104hm2，且有逐年扩大的趋势。在茶园土壤生态系统中，由于茶园的施肥管理、 茶树凋落物归还土壤以及根系分泌物等原因，随着植茶年限的增加，茶园土壤钙、 镁等盐基离子和微量元素含量有所降低[10-11]，而铝、 氟和多酚类物质则逐渐积累[12-13]。但就目前而言，在长期植茶过程中，土壤团聚体氮、 磷、 钾含量变化情况如何，仍不清楚。因此，本文以植茶土壤为研究对象，探讨植茶年限对土壤团聚体氮、 磷、 钾含量变化的影响，旨在了解在植茶过程中土壤肥力的演变规律，以期为制订科学合理的茶园土壤管理措施提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

老川茶园施肥情况为： 1)基肥施猪圈肥15000 kg/hm2，K2SO4型复合肥(质量比N ∶P2O5∶K2O=20 ∶8 ∶8)750 kg/hm2，在10月中旬，沿树冠边缘垂直下方开沟，依次施入复合肥、 猪圈肥，最后覆土。 2)追肥为一年追肥3次，春茶追肥时间为2月中旬，施复合肥1500 kg/hm2，尿素600 kg/hm2；夏茶追肥时间为5月下旬，施复合肥750 kg/hm2，尿素300 kg/hm2；秋茶追肥时间为7月下旬，施复合肥750 kg/hm2，尿素300 kg/hm2。追肥位置与基肥相同。

1.2 土样采集与处理

表1 供试土壤基本理化性质

表2 供试土壤团聚体组成

1.3 测定项目及方法

土壤pH、 有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 全磷、 有效磷、 全钾、 速效钾含量和颗粒组成(国际制)均采用常规方法测定[15]。

1.4 数据处理

各粒径团聚体对土壤养分含量的贡献率可通过下列公式[16]进行计算：

团聚体对土壤养分含量的贡献率= 该团聚体中养分含量×该团聚体含量/土壤中养分含量×100%。

试验数据采用DPS(11.0) 和EXCEL(2007) 软件进行统计分析。

2 结果与讨论

2.1植茶年限对土壤团聚体氮含量变化的影响

表3 植茶年限对土壤团聚体全氮含量变化的影响

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level；同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

表4 植茶年限对土壤团聚体碱解氮含量变化的影响

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level；同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

2.2 植茶年限对土壤团聚体磷含量变化的影响

表5 植茶年限对土壤团聚体全磷含量变化的影响

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level；同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

表6 植茶年限对土壤团聚体有效磷含量变化的影响

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level； 同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

2.3 植茶年限对土壤团聚体钾含量变化的影响

表7 植茶年限对土壤团聚体全钾含量变化的影响

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level； 同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

2.4 各粒径团聚体对土壤养分含量的贡献率

表8 植茶年限对土壤团聚体速效钾含量变化的影响

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level； 同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

表9 各粒径团聚体对土壤养分含量的贡献率

注(Note)： 同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同粒径团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different small letters in same row mean significant differences between soil aggregates at the 5% level； 同列数据后不同大写字母表示不同年限团聚体间差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different capital letters in a column are significant differences between in aggregates of different tea plantations ages at the 5% level.

3 结论

土壤团聚体速效钾含量随粒径的减小先升高后降低，全磷、 全钾和碱解氮含量在各粒径中分布较均匀，而全氮和有效磷含量则随粒径的减小而升高。表明不同粒径团聚体对土壤氮、 磷、 钾的保持和供应能力存在明显差异。

随着植茶年限的增加，各粒径团聚体全氮、 碱解氮、 全磷和有效磷含量逐渐升高，而速效钾含量则有所降低，全钾含量变化不明显。表明长期植茶有利于土壤团聚体全氮、 碱解氮、 全磷和有效磷的积累，但速效钾含量却逐年降低。故在茶园土壤的管理中，需平衡施用氮、 钾肥，从而减少土壤速效钾的淋失。

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Effectsofagesofteaplantationsonchangesofnitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumcontentsinsoilaggregates

WANG Sheng-qiang, ZHENG Zi-cheng, LI Ting-xuan*

(CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China)

2013-03-28接受日期2013-06-09

国家自然科学基金项目(40901138)； 四川省2012年度学术和技术带头人培养资金； 四川省科技厅项目(2010JY0083)资助。

王晟强(1989—)， 男， 四川成都人， 硕士研究生， 主要从事土壤生态环境研究。E-mail: wsq_sicau@163.com * 通信作者 Tel: 028-87118722, E-mail: litinx@263.net

S152.4； S153.6

A

1008-505X(2013)06-1393-10