山东省临清市 屈培华
“十招”搞定阅读理解题(一)
山东省临清市 屈培华
任何一篇文章,作者都在努力传达给读者一些信息。这些信息中,有的是文章的中心思想或者和中心思想有密切的关系,这是文章的主要信息;有的是为主旨起铺设作用的,这是次要信息。阅读理解题,常考查读者对文章的关键信息的理解,即对文章中心思想的理解。本文将从不同角度对快速捕捉主要信息,准确锁定答案的方法进行分析。
第一招:从篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处找答案。
做好阅读理解题,首要是把握文章的中心思想,这是对一篇文章理解的关键部分。中考阅读理解为了考查学生对文章的理解程度,以各种方式来考查学生对文章主题的理解。而文章的中心思想一般都会在文章的主题句或主题段落中。一般说来,文章的主题句往往会出现在篇首、篇尾或段首、段尾,因此篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾的文字是阅读的重心所在。例如:
(2011年,河南)Everyone has got two personalities(性格)—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real.You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself,but when you’re asleep,your sleeping position shows the real you.
( )55.What does the passage tell us?
A.Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.
B.Changing positionswill cause sleeping problems.
C.Sleeping positions show people’s secret personalities.
D.Enough sleepmakes people look better and healthier.
【思路点拨】该题为主旨大意题。在文章的篇首处命题,是典型的考查方式。首先点出“每个人的性格都具有双重性”这一核心话题,下文一步步展开阐述。所以从主题句我们很容易把握该题的答案。运用此法,会更便捷、更清晰、更准确地切中大多数的议论文和说明文的主题。答案为C。
第二招:从转折处找答案。
文章作者往往会借用转折词来引出某些重要的事实或观点,转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的观点、态度或写作意图,故命题人有时会围绕转折词前后内容来设题。常见的表示转折关系的词有:but,however,yet,otherwise,though,although等。例如:(2012年,山东)However,anothermother, Susan,made a different choice.She said,“My daughters have always had school dinners.I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches Imake for them.”
( )52.______would like the children to have the schoolmeals.
A.Cath B.Susan
C.Kaz D.Jamie
【思路点拨】该题考查对事实细节的理解与辨认,答案为B。该题是在转折处设题。上文介绍了一位有三个孩子的母亲Cath让自己的孩子从家里带食物到学校去,本段作者笔锋一转,使用转折词however引出Susan赞同女儿在学校吃饭,认为在学校吃的要比自己做的好,故Susan愿意让孩子在学校吃饭,反对孩子自己带饭。
第三招:从对比、比较处找答案。
作者常用对比的手法来表达自己的观点,比如:新与旧、好与坏、是与非、正确与错误等。前后的词有明显的对比关系,根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,可以发现两者的区别。比较指两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。这些对比或比较关系是读者理解文章时容易出偏差的地方,所以这也成为一个设题突破口。例如:
(2010年,北京)People with blood type A,for example,considered more likely to be serious,hard-working and quiet,while people with blood type O are likely to be popular and outgoing,yet often unable to finish what they start.
( )57.The writer uses blood type A and O as an example to explain______.
A.the difference between the two blood types
B.the relationship between the two blood types
C.the influence of blood type on one’s behavior
D.theconnection between personality and blood type
【思路点拨】该题为主旨归纳题。此处把A型血与O型血人的性格进行对比,得出两种血型的人性格各不相同,从而得出血型与性格之间有联系。该题是在对比之处命题,通过对比,得出两者之间的区别,这是我们解答阅读题特别要掌握的技巧之一。答案为D。
第四招:从并列、列举、举例处找答案。
并列、列举是指多个意思相近或者相同的事物用并列连词连接在一起的结构,最常见的连词有and,or等。有时也用First...then...next...finally...;Not only...but also...;On one hand...,on the other hand...等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的一系列的并列的事实情况。并列处和列举处是考查事实细节的主要设题题眼。为了使自己的观点更有说服力,更加明确,作者还经常会使用举例的方法来进行论证,明显的标志是for example,such as,like,as,这些例子经常会成为命题人设题的焦点。例如:
(2010年,湖北宜昌)“When can Iget a cellphone?”The answer is when your parents think you need one.Though many kids seem to be getting them around age 12 or 13,some younger kidsmay have them because their parents see it as a matter of safety and convenience.For example,a kid can call Mom and Dad when sports practice is over.And a cellphone can give kids almost instant access (快捷通道)to their parents if something goes wrong or they need help.It can give parents quick access to their kids so they can check on them andmake sure they’re OK.
( )56.Parents buy cellphones for their kids because______.
A.they think it is necessary
B.they think their kids are old enough
C.they have asked the author for advice
D.they want to follow their kids wherever they are
【思路点拨】该题为主旨归纳题。文章开头提到何时买手机由父母决定。后用 for example引出例子,举例证实这一观点。此处举例论证了该段的主旨大意:父母为孩子买手机因为他们认为很有必要。答案为A。
第五招:从指代关系处找答案。
为了简单明了地表达事物及逻辑关系,文章有时利用各种代词来代替上下文提到过的人、物或事。当代词前后的句子结构比较复杂时,这种指代关系往往不容易区分清楚。考查代词是阅读理解部分常见的一个测试项目,主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的词或词组的指代意义的理解能力。例如:
(2010年,广东广州)I heard a low hum (嗡嗡声),which was growing louder.From a distance,the group of bees looked almost like a cloud of smoke.As it got closer,I realized it was actually thousands of bees flying towards me.
( )47.The underlined word“it”refers to ______.
A.a rock B.the group of bees
C.a hill D.the river
【思路点拨】该题为事实细节题。该题是在指代关系处设题。it指上文提到的a group of bees。答案为B。