宫颈癌及其前期病变患者外周血调节T细胞的差异分析

2013-06-09 15:37吴婧文平波杨文韬吴小华张晓明杨慧娟
中国癌症杂志 2013年3期
关键词:浸润性上皮外周血

吴婧文平波杨文韬吴小华张晓明杨慧娟

1.复旦大学附属肿瘤医院妇瘤科,复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系,上海 200032;

2.复旦大学附属肿瘤医院病理科细胞室,复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系,上海 200032;

3.中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所分子病毒与免疫重点实验室,上海 200025

宫颈癌及其前期病变患者外周血调节T细胞的差异分析

吴婧文1平波2杨文韬2吴小华1张晓明3杨慧娟1

1.复旦大学附属肿瘤医院妇瘤科,复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系,上海 200032;

2.复旦大学附属肿瘤医院病理科细胞室,复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系,上海 200032;

3.中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所分子病毒与免疫重点实验室,上海 200025

背景与目的:调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg cells)可以抑制免疫系统的抗肿瘤反应,在恶性肿瘤的发生过程中,外周血中Treg细胞的数量随着疾病的严重程度增加而增加。本研究旨在探讨Treg细胞在宫颈癌发生、发展中可能产生的作用。方法:采用流式细胞术检测61例宫颈鳞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC),8例宫颈腺癌(adenocarcinoma,ADC),41例高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变(high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias,HG-CIN)患者和17例健康女性体检者外周血中Treg细胞占CD4+T细胞的比率。结果:ADC、SCC、HG-CIN患者和健康对照者中Treg细胞占外周血CD4+T细胞的比率()分别为:(10.73±2.88)%、(10.31±2.45)%、(9.20±2.28)%和(7.88±1.18)%,各组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。在宫颈鳞状上皮病变中,外周血中Treg细胞的水平随着病变的恶性程度增加逐渐升高(SCC>HG-CIN>NLM,P<0.001)。在69例浸润性宫颈癌中,根据2009 FIGO分期,I期为37例,Ⅱ期为32例。17例(24.6%)患者术后被发现有盆腔淋巴结转移。恶性程度较高的肿瘤中Treg细胞的数量高于恶性程度较低的肿瘤,包括FIGOⅡ期高于Ⅰ期[(10.67±2.67)% vs (10.00±2.24)%]、肿瘤直径>4 cm高于肿瘤直径≤4 cm[(10.68±2.31)% vs (10.04± 2.63)%]、有盆腔淋巴结转移的肿瘤高于无盆腔淋巴结转移的肿瘤[(11.06±2.56)% vs (10.13±2.44)%]。但统计检验未发现Treg细胞的数量和肿瘤的临床分期、盆腔淋巴结转移、脉管浸润、肿瘤大小及纤维肌壁浸润程度有相关性(P>0.05)。结论:宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌患者外周血中Treg细胞比例增高,并且与宫颈上皮恶性转化的程度呈正相关,但其在浸润性宫颈癌形成后的进展过程中的作用有待进一步探讨。

调节性T细胞;流式细胞术;浸润性宫颈癌;高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变

人类乳头状瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)的持续感染是宫颈癌和宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)的主要病因。HPV的感染是通过性接触传播,在人群中相当普遍,总的感染率约为17.7%,而这些人群中CINⅡ级的发生率为0.7%~1.5%,CINⅢ级以上发生率为0.6%~1.2%[1]。另外,绝大多数CINⅠ级患者的宫颈病变会自行消退,只有10%的患者进展为CINⅡ和Ⅲ级;CINⅡ级患者中,随访发现,其中40%~60%的宫颈病变消退,20%的病变进展为CINⅢ级,只有5%的病变进展为浸润性宫颈癌;在CINⅢ级的患者中,30%~60%的病变消退,10%~40%的患者进展为浸润性宫颈癌[2-3]。由此可见,病毒的感染在人群中相当普遍,但仅有极少数的患者会发展为宫颈癌。然而,HPV如何逃避宿主免疫系统的识别,在上皮细胞内形成持续感染直到恶性转化的机理并未被完全阐明。

调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg cells)是一类具有免疫抑制作用的CD4+T淋巴细胞,为数不多,约占正常人CD4+T细胞的5%~10%[4]。近年来,在多种恶性肿瘤患者的外周血中均发现了Treg细胞比率升高,如乳腺癌[5],胃癌[6]和原发性肝癌[7]。在宫颈癌中,国内外已有研究表明,宫颈癌和高级别癌前期病变患者的外周血中Treg的比例较健康人群显著升高。但有关Treg细胞在宫颈上皮受HPV病毒感染致恶性转化并发生进展转移各阶段中的作用的探讨尚少[8-11]。本研究拟采用流式细胞术的方法比较宫颈癌、宫颈癌前期病变患者及正常人外周血中Treg细胞的比例,探讨Treg细胞在宫颈癌的发生、发展各阶段中可能的作用。

1 资料和方法

1.1 临床资料

选取2012年5—11月复旦大学附属肿瘤医院妇瘤科收治的61例宫颈鳞癌患者(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC),8例宫颈腺癌患者(adenocarcinoma,ADC),40例高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变患者(high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,HG-CIN)。另有17例健康女性体检者作为正常对照,且既往均无宫颈病变及恶性肿瘤病史。上述患者和正常对照组的平均年龄分别为47.9(30~70)岁、46.6(29~61)岁、41.0(24~54)岁和42.1(25~54)岁,且均无心、脑、肝、肾等疾病,近3个月内未使用任何抗肿瘤治疗及免疫治疗。

1.2 仪器和试剂

采用美国BD公司提供的FITC-抗CD4抗体、APC-抗CD25抗体和PE-抗CD127抗体。FACS Canto Ⅱ型流式细胞仪购自美国BD公司。

1.3 标本采集和检测

所有患者在入院接受宫颈锥切术前取静脉血2 mL,EDTA抗凝。正常对照者在门诊体检时取血。取1根样品测定管,加入50 μL抗凝血,依次加入FITC-抗CD4抗体10 μL、APC-抗CD25抗体2.5 μL、PE-抗CD127抗体10 μL,震荡混匀,室温避光温育20 min;加入l mL溶血素,充分振荡混匀,室温避光放置10 min,500×g离心5 min弃上清液,加入PBS液l mL,再次离心洗涤后,所获细胞加入PBS液500 μL,混匀后于流式细胞仪检测。调整前向角散射光FSC和侧向角散射光SSC,选定淋巴细胞群体并设门;以SSC为纵坐标,CD4为横坐标,确定CD4+T细胞;再将CD4+T细胞设门,以CD25为横坐标,CD127为纵坐标圈出CD4+CD25highCD127lowTreg细胞群,以CD4+CD25highCD127lowTreg细胞占CD4+T细胞的百分比表示其数量。分析软件为BD公司的Diva软件。

1.4 统计学处理

所有数据均采用SPSS 16.0统计软件分析。Treg细胞占外周血CD4+T细胞中的比例采用表示,多组间差异采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),两组间差异采用t检验。检验水准ɑ=0.05,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 SCC、ADC、HG-CIN患者及正常对照者中Treg细胞占外周血CD4+T细胞的比例

图 1 采用流式细胞术检测宫颈癌及癌前期病变患者外周血Treg细胞的数量Fig. 1 Flow cytometry was used to measure the amounts of CD4+CD25highCD127lowTreg cells in peripheral blood from cervical cancers and precursors

Treg细胞通过表面表型CD4+CD25highCD127low识别。采用流式细胞仪检测宫颈癌、HG-CIN患者和正常对照者的外周血中Treg细胞的散点图(图1)。结果SCC、ADC、HG-CIN患者和正常对照者中Treg细胞占外周血CD4+T细胞的比例分别为(10.31±2.45)%、(10.73±2.88)%、(9.20±2.28)%和(7.88±1.18)%,各组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。SCC患者外周血中Treg细胞的数量显著高于CIN患者及正常人群,差异有统计学意义(P=0.023,P<0.001)。HG-CIN患者外周血中Treg细胞的数量高于正常人群,差异有统计学意义(P=0.028)。8例ADC患者外周血中Treg细胞的数量与SCC患者差异无统计学意义(P=0.657),但显著高于正常人群(P=0.002)。

2.2 浸润性宫颈癌患者中Treg细胞数量与临床病理因素间的相关性分析

在69例浸润性宫颈癌中,年龄>40岁的患者外周血Treg细胞的比例高于年龄≤40岁的患者[(10.40±2.70)% vs (10.25±1.77)%],但差异无统计学意义(P=0.827)。恶性程度较高的肿瘤患者外周血Treg细胞的数量高于恶性程度较低的肿瘤患者,包括37例FIGOⅡ期患者外周血Treg细胞的比例高于32例FIGOⅠ期患者[(10.67±2.67)% vs (10.00±2.24)%]、肿瘤直径>4 cm高于肿瘤直径≤4 cm[(10.68±2.31)% vs (10.04±2.63)%]、有盆腔淋巴结转移的肿瘤高于无盆腔淋巴结转移的肿瘤[(11.06±2.56)% vs (10.13±2.44)%]。各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。这一结果提示,外周血Treg细胞的数目与反映浸润性宫颈癌恶性程度的临床病理危险因素间无相关性,包括高临床分期、盆腔淋巴结转移、脉管癌栓、肿瘤深肌层浸润和肿瘤大体积等。

3 讨 论

Treg细胞是一类具有免疫抑制功能的T淋巴细胞,能够抑制多种免疫细胞的活化、增殖和效应功能,包括CD4+、CD8+T细胞、NK细胞、B细胞和抗原提呈细胞等,在自身免疫疾病、过敏症、同种异体移植物耐受和妊娠期胎儿-母体耐受的预防中发挥主要作用[12-13]。另外,Treg细胞可以抑制免疫系统的抗肿瘤反应,从而促进肿瘤的发生、发展。并可以通过细胞-细胞间的直接接触抑制机制或释放多种免疫抑制因子如IL-10、转化生长因子(TGF-β)等途径在诱导肿瘤的T细胞耐受中发挥重要作用[14-15]。叉头状螺旋转录因子-3(forkhead/ winged helix transcription factor-3,Foxp3)是Treg细胞生长发育和发挥抑制功能的重要因子,是目前识别Treg细胞最特异的指标。但由于Foxp3表达于细胞核内,无法通过Foxp3直接染色进行活细胞分选Treg细胞。近年来,有研究发现一群CD127表达下调的CD4+CD25+T细胞几乎都表达Foxp3,且CD127的表达与FoxP3的表达呈负相关[16-17]。

表 1 浸润性宫颈癌中外周血Treg细胞的数量和临床病理因素间的相关性分析Tab. 1 Association between the frequencies of Treg cells in the peripheral blood and clinicopathological parameters among cervical cancer patients

Treg细胞主要由胸腺自然产生,外周血T细胞在抗原的刺激下也可诱导分化产生。随着人体的衰老,胸腺产生Treg细胞的能力逐渐下降,但外周血可以代偿性地产生Treg细胞以维持平衡。而这种平衡的丧失能否解释老年人中易患免疫相关疾病、肿瘤或感染仍有争议。Dejaco等[18]对14项研究的总结发现,其中有11项研究证实在健康人群中Treg细胞占外周血CD4+细胞的比例和年龄无关。Molling等[8]对82例宫颈病变患者的分析发现外周血Treg细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例和年龄无关,与本研究结果相似。

宫颈癌及其HG-CIN的发生和高危型HPV的持续感染有关。Treg细胞在病毒的慢性感染性疾病中发挥重要作用。Eggena等[19]研究表明,在人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者中移除外周血单核细胞中的CD4+CD25+Treg细胞可使抗HIV的CD4+T细胞反应明显增强。张蓓等[20]研究发现慢性乙型肝炎患者的Treg细胞的比例显著高于健康人群,且外周血Treg细胞的数量与血清HBV DNA拷贝数的对数呈正相关。Molling等[8]对82例宫颈细胞学异常的妇女的随访研究发现有HPV16持续感染的患者外周血中Treg细胞的比例明显高于HPV阴性的患者(平均随访20个月)及HPV病毒在1年内清除的患者(平均随访48个月)。这一结果提示,Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能在维持高危型HPV病毒的持续感染中有重要作用。

在恶性肿瘤的发生过程中,外周血Treg细胞的比例随着疾病的病变严重程度增加而增加。Hiraoka等[21]报道在胰腺上皮由低级别胰腺上皮内瘤变(PanIN1A、PanINⅠB、PanINⅡ、PanINⅢ)进展为浸润性导管癌过程中,组织中Treg细胞占CD4+细胞的比例随着癌前期病变的严重程度增加而增加。而在宫颈上皮的恶性转化过程中,国内外的多项研究发现低级别宫颈上皮内瘤变患者的宫颈局部组织和外周血中Treg细胞的比例和健康人群差异无统计学意义,但宫颈癌和HG-CIN患者明显高于低级别患者及正常人群[13-14,22]。本研究未纳入低级别宫颈上皮内瘤变患者,但进一步证实Treg细胞占外周血CD4+细胞的比例在HG-CIN和浸润性宫颈癌中呈递增趋势,提示Treg细胞的免疫耐受作用可能主要在宫颈上皮恶变进展为高级别病变和浸润性宫颈癌的阶段中发挥作用。

在浸润性癌中,多项研究证实Treg细胞可能和肿瘤的恶性程度及预后相关。在胰腺的浸润性导管癌中,Treg细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例和肿瘤的分级、分期及远处转移相关,且Treg细胞数量低的患者预后明显好于Treg细胞数量高的患者[21]。Hou等[23]在宫颈癌患者中发现,有淋巴结转移的患者较无淋巴结转移患者肿瘤浸润Treg细胞的数量显著升高,差异有统计学意义。贾莉婷等[11]发现宫颈癌中FIGOⅡ期及Ⅲ期患者的外周血Treg的比例明显高于Ⅰ期患者。而本研究中虽然发现恶性程度较高的肿瘤较恶性程度较低的肿瘤患者的Treg细胞数量多,但差异无统计学意义,可能和样本量有关,需要进一步扩大样本量证实这一结果。

综上所述,Treg细胞在宫颈上皮恶性转化过程中有肯定的免疫抑制作用,但其在浸润性宫颈癌形成后的进展过程中的作用及与预后的相关性有待进一步探讨。

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Measurement of CD4+CD25highCD127low regulatory T cells in peripheral blood from cervical cancers and precursors

WU Jing-wen1, PING Bo2, YANG Wen-tao2, WU Xiao-hua1, ZHANG Xiao-ming3, YANG Hui-juan1(1.Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; 2.Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; 3.Unit of Innate Defense and Immune Modulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China)

YANG Hui-juan E-mail: huijuanyang@hotmail.com

Background and purpose: High-risk types of human papillomavirus are the causative agents for cervical carcinogenesis. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) characterized by CD4+CD25highCD127lowhave been shown to be involved in virus-induced persistent infection. Treg cells are found to be increased in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of patients with solid tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the frequencies of Treg cells in the peripheral blood among cervical cancers and its precursors. Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from 61 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 8 patients with cervical adenocarcinomas (ADC), 41 patientswith high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 17 normal controls (NLM). Flow cytometry was employed to measure the frequency of CD4+CD25highCD127lowTreg cells among CD4+T cells in peripheral blood. The means of frequency of Treg cells were compared among groups using one-way ANOVA and t-test. Results: The frequency of Treg cells among CD4+T cells in the peripheral blood () was (10.73±2.88)%, (10.31±2.45)%, (9.20±2.28)% and (7.88±1.18)% in ADC cases, SCC cases, CIN cases and normal controls, respectively (P=0.001). Among squamous lesions, the amount of Treg cells was elevated and correlated with the severity of the disease (SCC>CIN>NLM, P<0.001). The frequencies of Treg cells were higher in ADC cases compared to SCC cases, however, there was no statistic significance (P=0.657). Among the 69 invasive carcinomas, the mean age was 47.8 (29-70) years old. Thirtytwo and 37 patients were diagnosed as stage Ⅰand stage Ⅱ, respectively (FIGO staging 2009). Seventeen (24.6%) patients had pelvic lymph node metastasis. There was a trend that advanced cases had more Treg cells in their peripheral blood, however, no statistical difference was found between the amount of Treg cells and any clinico-pathologic parameters, such as FIGO stage [Ⅱ vs Ⅰ: (10.67±2.67)% vs (10.00±2.24)%, P=0.266], tumor size [>4 cm vs ≤4 cm: (10.68±2.31)% vs (10.04±2.63)%, P=0.284] and lymph node metastasis[positive vs negative: (11.06±2.56)% vs (10.13±2.44)%, P=0.181]. Conclusion: The frequencies of Treg cells in peripheral blood were increased in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancers, which indicated that Treg cells might play a critical role in malignant transformation of cervical intraepithelium. However, their significance in the progression of invasive carcinomas warrants further study.

Regulatory T cells; Flow cytometry; Invasive cervical cancer; Cervical intrapithelial neoplasia

10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2013.03.002

R737.33

:A

:1007-3639(2013)03-0167-06

2013-01-15

2013-03-10)

上海市卫生局科研课题(No:2007140)。

杨慧娟 E-mail:huijuanyang@hotmail.com

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