让“被动语态”不再被动

黄浩

一、语态的概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

由上图可知：

1.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。

例如：Many people speak Chinese.

说明：谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。2.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.

说明：主语Chinese是动词speak的承受者。

【典型例题】

（2012年贵州贵阳第39题）In order to make our hometown more beautiful， trees _______ around the city every year. A.plantB.are plantedC.will plant【答案】B

【解析】考查动词语态的用法。trees与plant存在着被动关系，应用动词的被动语态。根据句意：为了我们的家乡更美丽，每年围着城市多种些树。故选B。

二、被动语态的构成

“助动词be+过去分词”。（时态在be动词上体现）

【典型例题】

1.（2012年江苏泰州第10题）—Do you like reading books？

—Yes. Each of us______to do more reading in and after class.

A.are encouraged

B. encourage

C.is encouraged

D. is encouraging

【答案】C

【解析】考查一般现在时被动语态。意思是：我们每个人被鼓励，each做主语，谓语动词用单数形式，故选C。

2.（2012年贵州遵义第34题）Nick_____ a job in a bank， but to our surprise， he didnt take it.

A. offeredB. has offered

C. was offered

【答案】C

【解析】考查一般过去时的被动语态。Nick被提供了一份工作，由he didnt take it可知本题是过去时，因此用一般过去时被动语态。

3.（201 2年黑龙江鸡西第30题）She_____ her hometown for many years. No one nearly knows her.

A. has been away from

B. has leftC. had left

【答案】A

【解析】考查现在完成时的被动语态。由for many years可知是现在完成时的被动语态。故选A。

三、主动语态改被动语态的方法

（一）将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：

1.将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；

2.将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构；

3.将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。

如：I was doing my homework.

→My homeworkwasbeingdonebyme.

（二）含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：

1.把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；

2.把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或for.

如：He gave the boy an apple.

→The boy was given an apple.（或An apple was given to the boy.）

（三）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。

如：We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang.

（四）短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。

如：We must take good care of the young trees.

→The young trees must be taken good care of.

（五）主动句中在感官动词see， hear， watch， feel， notice等，及使役动词make， let， have等后跟省略to的不定式，变成被动语态时，应还原省略的不定式符号to.

如：He makes the girl stay here.→The girl is made to stay here.

（六）含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know， say， believe， find， think， report等。

如：People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.

【典型例题】

1.（2012广东梅州第42题）In the old days， they_______ in the factory from morning to evening.

A.weremadetowork B.askedtowork C.madetoworkD. wereaskedforwork【答案】A

【解析】in the old days表示过去，考察一般过去时的被动语态，故选A。

2.（2012新疆阜康第35题）The old over 90_____ not only by their family but also by the government in many places.

A. is looked at B. are taken good care of

C.aretakengoodcareD.islookingafter

【答案】B

【解析】the old表示老人这一类人，看成复数，再者一般情况下不及物动词没有被动语态，一些动词短语可以有被动语态，但短语中的介词、副词不能省略。故选B。

3.（2012湖北黄冈第42题）—Do you have Jays CDs？

—Sorry， they are _____. But well get some more next week because they _____.

A. sold well； are on sale

B. sold out； sell well

C. selling well； sell well

D. for sale； sell well

【答案】B

【解析】第一空要表达“对不起，他们被全卖没了”，they和sell out之间是一种被动关系，所以要用被动语态；第二空，表达产品畅销使用sell well主动表被动的意思，所以选择答案B。

四、不能用于被动语态的情况

1.某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have， fit， suit， hold， cost， suffer， last等不能用于被动语态。

如：They have a nice car.

My shoes dont fit me.

2.某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，来表示主语的某个特性，使得动作得以顺利实施或难以顺利实施，这类动词常见的有sell， write， wear， wash， cook， open， close， lock， read， record等。

如：His new novel sells well.

3.feel， look， appear， sound， taste， smell等由实义动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。

如：The soup tastes wonderful.

4.宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。

如：Peter hoped to meet her.

Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.五、主动结构表示被动意义

1.英语中很多动词如act， break，catch， cut， clean， drive， draw， let， lock， open， sell， read， write， wash， wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。

如：Kates book reads like an interesting novel.

2.在need， want， require等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

如：The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.

3.表示感官意义的连系动词如smell， feel， taste， look， sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。

如：Good medicine tastes bitter.

【习题精选】

<单项选择/b>

1.Manyaccidents____bycareless drivers last year.

A. are causedB. were caused

C. have causedD. will cause

2. Driving a fter drinking wine_____in China.

A. allowsB. doesnt allow

C. is allowedD. isnt allowed

3. It will be t wo days before the decision_________.

A. has madeB. will be made

C. was madeD. is made

4.—Did you go to Jims birthday party？

—No， I_____.

A. havent invited B. didnt invite

C. am not invitedD. wasnt invited

5. At last the boy was made______and began to laugh.

A. stop cryingB. to stop to cry

C. to stop cryingD. stop to cry

6. Trees ________ every year to make our city greener.

A.plantB.areplanted

C. were plantedD. will be planted

7. In the past the children were made______15 hours a day.

A. to lockB. work

C. to workD. lock

8. Food safety is important. Rules______ to stop people from food pollution.

A. must makeB. must be made

C. cant makeD. cant be made

9.—How often do I need to feed the bird？

—They____food every day， or they will be hungry.

A. must giveB. mustnt give

C. must be givenD. mustnt be give

10.Eachtimetouriststravelto Beijing， they_______ the Forbidden City.

A.willbeshownup

B. will be shown around

C. will show aroundD. will show to

11. The radio says a wild animal zoo is going to ____ in our city.

A. be builtB. built

C. buildD. be building

12. The Spring Festival____in January or February.

A. celebratesB. is celebrated

C. celebratedD. was celebrated

13. A lot of trees ______ on the hill yesterday.

A. are plantedB. will be planted

C. have been planted D. were planted

14. Im glad to find that manytrees_______ in our city last year.

A. plantB. planted

C. were plantedD. are planted

15. As everyone knows， rubbish _______ everywhere.

A. need be thrown

B. mustnt be thrown C. cant throw D. may throw

二、把主动语态改为被动语态1. He gave me a present._____________ 2. My sister made the soup.___________ 3. Someone must have taken it.________ 4. The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.____________

5. I didnt tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.___________________

6. I cant find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.____________________

三、按要求改写下列句子

1. Is tea grown in south china by people？（改为主动语态）

_____ people ______ tea in south china？

2. The children will sing an English song.（改为被动语态）

An English song ___ ___ __ by the children.

3. You neednt do it now. （改为被动语态）

It ____ _____ _____ by you now.

4. People use metal for making machines.（改为被动语态）

Metal ______ ______ _____making machines.

5.Hemademedothatforhim.（改为被动语态）

I ____ ______ _____ _____ that for him.

6. Did they build a bridge here a year ago？ （改为被动语态）

__________ a bridge __________ here by them a year ago？

参考答案；

一、1.答案B。由last year可知要用过去时，由后面的by可知要用被动语态，所以选择答案B。

2.答案D。句意为“酒后驾车在中国是不被允许的”，可知为否定的被动语态，故选D。3.答案D。句意为“在下决心之前，将有两天的时间”根据语境可知选D。

4.答案D。句意为“你去参加吉姆的生日聚会了吗？”“我没被邀请”，I与invite应为过去的被动的关系，故选D。

5.答案C。make， have， see等动词在变为被动语态时要把省略的不定式符号to补出来；stop to do“停下来去干…”；stop doing“停止做…”句意为“小男孩停止哭，笑了起来。”故选C。

6.答案B。根据句意“每年种很多树来使我们的城市更绿”，可知用被动语态，时间状语为every year，因此用一般现在时，故选B。

7.答案C。be made to do sth被迫做某事，故选C。

8.答案B。句意：食品安全很重要，必须制定制度来阻止人们遭受食品污染。根据句意应该含情态动词must的被动语态，即must be done.

9.答案C。they即birds，they和give为被动关系，因此用被动语态。由句意“必须每天给他们食物，否则他们将非常饿。”故选C。

10.答案B。短语show up意为“揭露”，show around意为“带领……看”，此处是指那些人被领着参观紫禁城，每次都要被带着去参观，故选B。

11.答案A。根据主语和谓语动词的关系可以看出是被动形式；be gong to后面跟动词原形，故选A。

12.答案B。人们在一月或二月庆祝春节，是个习惯性动作，用一般现在时，春节是被人们庆祝的，用被动语态表示，故选B。

13.答案D。由时间状语yesterday可知，用一般过去时，由trees和plant构成被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态。

14.答案C。由last year可推断用一般过去时。trees和plant为被动关系，因此，为一般过去时的被动语态。句意为：我很高兴地发现在我们的城市去年种了许多树，故选C。

15.答案B。垃圾rubbish和throw为被动关系，应用被动语态，排除C和D，句意为“每个人都知道的，到处都禁止扔垃圾”，Mustnt表禁止，故选B。

二、1. I was given a present by him.

2. The soup was made by my sister.

3. It must have been taken by someone.

4. A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.

5. You were not told（that） the job could be done by Xiao Wang.

6. My dictionary cant be found. It has been taken by someone.

三、1. Do， grow 2. will be sung 3. neednt be done 4. is used for 5. was made to do 6. Was， built