曾丽 盘笋
请先看几道中考题:
1. The government is asked to improve school bus safety,________?(2012年山东省东营市)
A. didnt it B. hasnt it
C. isnt it D. doesnt it
2.—She has gone abroad,______?
—No. She is still teaching us English at our school now. (2012年江苏省苏州市)
A. is she B. isnt she
C. has she D. hasnt she
3.—He didnt go to the concert yesterday, did he?
—______. He was busy studying for the tests all day. (2012年湖北省黄冈市)
A. No, he didnt B. Yes, he did
C. No, he did D. Yes, he didnt
4. She can hardly write her own name, ______?(2012年山东省滨州市)
A. can she B. cant she
C. need she D. neednt she
分析:上面四道中考题均是在考查同学们对反义疑问句用法的掌握情况,答案分别是:1. C; 2. D; 3. A; 4. A。
反义疑问句历来都是初中生英语学习的难点,更是每年中考的必考内容之一,掌握它的用法对于同学们学好英语具有重要意义。下面我们就一起来学习这一重要的语法项目。
一、反义疑问句的基本构成形式
反义疑问句的构成形式通常有两种:①肯定陈述句+否定简略问句;②否定陈述句+肯定简略问句。例如:
Your father is a policeman, isnt he? 你父亲是个警察,是吗?
Kate likes sports, doesnt she? 凯特喜欢运动,是不是?
He doesnt like singing, does he?他不喜欢唱歌,是吗?
It didnt rain yesterday, did it? 昨天没下雨,对不对?
二、反义疑问句中的人称与时态
反义疑问句中前后两部分在人称、数及时态上应保持一致。例如:
He is an English teacher, isnt he? 他是英语老师,对不对?
Tom didnt come to school yesterday, did he? 汤姆昨天没来上学,是不是?
He comes from Japan, doesnt he? 他是日本人,是不是?
They have gone to the Great Wall, havent they? 他们去长城了,是吗?
Mary can draw very well, cant she? 玛丽绘画很好,是不是?
三、反义疑问句的几种常见情况
1. 陈述句中出现“主语 + d或s”的缩略形式时,要正确判断d是had还是would;还要正确判断s是is还是has。例如:
Hes gone to America, hasnt he? 他去美国了,是吗?(Hes 是He has的缩略形式)
Youd like to go swimming this afternoon, wouldnt you? 你想今天下午去游泳,是不是?(Youd 是You would的缩略形式)
Youd better go at once, hadnt you? 你最好马上去,好不好? (Youd better 是You had better的缩略形式)
2. 陈述部分是肯定的祈使句,附加问句则既可以用will you,也可以用wont you。例如:
Come to my office after class, will / wont you?下课后来我办公室,好吗?
【温馨提示】
如果陈述部分是否定的祈使句,附加问句习惯上用will you? 例如:
Dont be late for school, will you?不要上学迟到,好吗?
如果祈使句以lets(包括说话者本人)开头,简短问句用shall we 或shant we,而Let us (me,him)等不包括说话者本人开头的祈使句,简短问句则要用will you (wont you)。例如:
Lets go to the cinema, shall / shant we? 咱們去看电影,好吗?
Let us go home now, will / wont you? 我们现在回家,好吗?
Let me have a look at your watch, will / wont you? 让我看看你的手表,好吗?
3.当陈述部分的主语是everything、something、nothing等复合代词时,附加疑问句部分的主语用it;而当陈述部分的主语是 everybody、somebody、nobody、everyone、someone、none、no one时,附加疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。例如:
Nothing can stop us from going there, can it? 什么也不能阻止我们去那儿,是不是?
Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it? 春天萬物复苏,是不是?
Nobody can answer the question, can he/they?没有人能回答这个问题,是不是?
Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didnt he/they? 昨天有人借用了我的钢笔,是吗?
None of the boys are afraid of water, are they?这些男孩中没有一个怕水的,是不是?
4. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this、that时,疑问部分的主语用it;若陈述部分的主语为these、those时,则疑问部分的主语用they。例如:
This is an English book, isnt it?这是一本英语书,是吗?
These are red apples, arent they?这些是红苹果,是不是?
5. 当动词have作“有”讲时,疑问部分既可用have,也可用do。例如:
He has some flowers, hast / doesnt he?他有一些花,是不是?
【温馨提示】当have作助动词时,疑问部分用have。例如:
The family have travelled to England for a holiday, havent they?全家人都去英格兰旅行度假了,是吗?
当have不作助动词或“有”讲时,疑问部分用do。例如:
They often have a good time in the park, dont they?他们常在公园里玩得开心,是不是?
6.如果陈述部分为“Im...”结构,由于“am not”没有缩写形式,故疑问部分常用aret I,也可用aint I,或am I not。例如:
Im a middle school teacher, arent I / aint I / am I not?我是一名中学教师,对不对?
7. 若陈述句部分含有情态动词 must,且must表示“必须”时,则疑问部分的谓语动词用 mustnt;如 must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问部分则要用 neednt。例如:
You must work hard next term, mustnt you?下学期你必须努力学习,好吗?
He must finish the work before supper, neednt he?他有必要在晚饭前完成这项工作,是不是?
【温馨提示】当“must”表示“想必,一定”等推测意义时,疑问部分的谓语应根据句意来选择其他动词。例如:
She must be in the classroom, isnt she?她一定在教室里,是不是?(对现在情况的推测,附加疑问句的谓语动词用be的现在式。)
The students must have played for a long time, havent they?同学们一定玩了很长一段时间了,是不是?( 对过去发生的动作持续到现在的情况的推测 ,附加疑问句的谓语动词用havent。)
You must have seen the good film yesterday,didnt you?你昨天一定看了那部好电影,是不是?(对过去情况的推测,附加疑问句的谓语动词用did。)
8.当陈述部分是there be结构或there live、there stand等结构时,附加疑问部分的谓语用与陈述部分相对应的助动词,而主语用陈述部分中的there(注:陈述部分中的there不是主语,而是引导词)。如:
There is some bread on the table, isnt there?桌上有一些面包,是吗?
There will be a football match tomorrow, wont there? 明天将举行一场足球赛,是不是?
There lived a poor little girl a long time ago, didnt there?很久以前居住着一个贫穷的小女孩,是吗?
【温馨提示】There is a book, isnt it? 那是一本书,是不是?(there在此为句子主语)
9.若陈述部分含有have to(has to,had to),应把have to作为行为动词看,即疑问部分用do的恰当形式。例如:
They have to finish their homework first, dont they?他们得先完成他们的家庭作业,对吗?
Tom has to go home alone, doesnt he?汤姆不得不独自回家,是不是?
10. 陈述部分的主语如果是主语从句、不定式(短语)或动名词(短语)等时,疑问部分的主语用it来代替。例如:
Fishing is interesting, isnt it?钓鱼很有趣,是不是?
What he said isnt right, is it?他说的话不正确,对吗?
To lean a foreign language well is not easy, is it?学好一门外国语是不容易的,对不对?
四、反义疑问句中的答语与语调
1.不管陈述句是肯定形式还是否定形式,也不管简短问句是肯定形式还是否定形式,回答时,只看事实。若事实是肯定的,答語就要用Yes;若事实是否定的,答语就要用No。但在“前否定后肯定”的反义疑问句中,回答时Yes,No与汉语的“对,不对”正好相反。例如:
—He came here yesterday,didnt he?昨天他来过这儿,是吗?—Yes,he did./No,he didnt. 是的,来过。/不,他没有来过。
—She isnt a worker,is she?她不是工人,对不对?—Yes,she is. 不,她是工人。—No,she isnt. 对,她不是工人。
2. 反义疑问句陈述部分用降调,后半部分可以升可以降,即提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,用降调;把握不大时,用升调。例如:
—This question is easy,isnt ↗ it?这个问题很容易,是不是?—No,it isnt. 不,它很难。
—Its Saturday today,so it is Sunday tomorrow,isnt↘it?今天是星期六,明天是星期天,是不是?—Yes,it is. 是的。
五、反义疑问句中几个注意事项
1. 陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词little(不是a little)、few(不是 a few)、never、no、nobody、nothing、none、hardly、seldom 等时,其附加部分要用肯定形式。例如:
There is no milk in the bottle,is there?瓶子里没有牛奶,是吗?
There were few mistakes in his exercise,were there? 他的练习中几乎没有错误,是不是?
He can hardly write his name,can he?他几乎不会写自己的名字,是吗?
2. 陈述部分有表示否定的前缀或后缀的词和表示否定意义的词时,虽然其句意是否定的,但就其句子结构而言,陈述部分仍然是肯定结构,因此,其疑问部分要用否定结构。例如:
It is impossible,isnt it? 这是不可能的,是不是?
He dislikes bananas,doesnt he? 他不喜欢香蕉,是不是?
Mike missed the early bus yesterday,didnt he? 迈克昨天没赶上早班公共汽车,是不是?
【学以致用】选择填空。
1. They can hardly speak English,_______?(2012年湖北省黄石市)
A. cant they B. wont they C. can they D. will they
2. Tom had his 15th birthday party last night,________?(2012年广西壮族自治区钦州市)
A. didnt he B. did he C. hadnt he D. was he
3. —Your brother often disagrees with you,______he?
—_______.We often have different opinions. (2012年江苏省无锡市)
A. does;Yes B. doesnt; Yes C. does; No D. doesnt; No
4. — You havent been to the West Lake,have you?
—_______. But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation. (2012年广东省)
A. No,I havent B. No,I didnt
C. Yes,I have D. Yes,I did
5. —Shes never spoken to a foreigner,_______?
—Yes.Shes active and can speak English freely.(2012年湖北省孝感市)
A. is she B. has she C. isnt she D. hasnt she
6. —You come from England,dont you?
—___. I come from a small town near London. (2012年青海省西宁市)
A. No,I do B. No,I dont C. Yes,I am D. Yes,I do
7. People who eat a balanced diet should be healthier than those who only eat biscuits and hamburgers,_________?(2012年浙江省杭州市)
A. dont they B. do they
C. shouldnt they D. should they
8. —Tom didnt go to school this morning,did he?
—_______.Though he had a bad cold. (2011年四川省达州市)
A. Yes,he didnt B. Yes,he did
C. No,he didnt D. No,he did
9. He has many friends at school,_________?(2011年广西壮族自治区崇左市)
A. has he B. does he
C. doesnt he D. isnt he
10. —Alice had nothing for breakfast this morning,________?
—No. She got up too late. (2011年广东省)
A. had she B. hadnt she
C. did she D. didnt she
Keys:
1-5 C A B A B 6-10 D C B C C