于洪军,刘 路
预防慢性疾病发生、发展的最佳身体活动负荷研究综述
于洪军1,刘 路2
从身体活动对慢性疾病预防和控制功效的视角,从身体活动对不同年龄群体的生理退化速率、死亡率、疾病发生率、心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症、骨质疏松症、心理健康的影响等方面对国外相关研究进行梳理,对国外身体活动负荷标准的研究进行归纳,重点分类归纳了预防慢性疾病发生的成年人(18~65岁)、老年人(65岁以上)和已患慢性疾病群体控制疾病发展的不同群体间身体活动的适宜负荷方式和剂量,对身体活动与慢性疾病的研究做出了展望。
身体活动;体育锻炼;锻炼负荷;慢性疾病防治;研究综述
随着科学技术的发展,人们的生活方式发生急剧的改变,尤其是工业革命之后,人类的生产和生活越来越依赖于机械,其身体活动的时间和活动强度明显减少,人们患肥胖病和慢性疾病的机率逐渐增加。缺乏身体活动已经成为现代人疾病发生的主要原因。世界卫生组织(WHO)报道[134],在发达国家,由于缺乏身体活动引发疾病的死亡率占男性死亡率的6.0%,女性的6.7%。在发展中国家,其死亡率更高,为10%以上。在具体数字上,世界卫生组织报道,长期缺乏身体活动是引发全球死亡的第四大因素,导致全世界每年约320万人死亡。
国外大量的研究报道,有规律的身体活动,不仅能够有效地减少心血管疾病、中风、高血压、Ⅱ型糖尿病、骨质疏松、肥胖病、结肠癌、乳腺癌、认知障碍、焦虑、抑郁症等疾病的发病率,而且对于改善慢性疾病的症状,降低死亡率有着积极的作用。为此,本文在整理国外相关研究的基础上,从身体活动对疾病防治的角度,对身体活动防治疾病的功效、身体活动的负荷标准等问题进行文献综述。
1985年,Caspersen等人指出,身体活动(Physical Activity)和体育锻炼(Exercise)是不同的概念,身体活动是由骨骼肌收缩导致能量代谢的任何机体活动(Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure);体育锻炼(Exercise)则是身体活动的下位概念,是指有计划、有结构、重复性的身体活动,目的是为了提高或者保持一种或几种身体能力[16](Exercise:it is a subcategory of physical activity.Exercise is physical activity that is planned,structured,repetitive,and purposive in the sense that improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is an objective);1996年,美国卫生部对身体活动做出了定义(Physical Activity)[103]:认为是由骨骼肌收缩产生的能量消耗并提高健康受益的身体运动(bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that require energy expenditure and promotes health benefits)。体育锻炼(Exercise training)作为身体活动的下位概念,是指有计划,有组织的,重复性的身体活动,目的是提高或保持一种或几种身体能力。世界卫生组织(WHO,1998)在美国卫生部定义的基础上,对身体活动做出的定义是,由骨骼肌的收缩要求能量消耗所产生的机体运动(Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure)。2009年,美国运动医学学会(ACSM)基本沿用了1996年美国卫生部的定义[19],认为身体活动是由骨骼肌的收缩引发的能量代谢增加的运动(physical activity refers to body movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles and that increases energy expenditure);同时界定体育锻炼是为了保持一种或几种生理能力而进行的有计划、有组织、重复性的身体活动 (Exercise refers to planned,structured,and repetitive movement to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness)。
作者单位:1.清华大学 体育部,北京100084;2.盐城师范学院 体育学院,江苏 盐城224002
1.Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084;2.Yancheng Teachers’University;Yancheng 224002,China.
综上所述,可以将身体活动理解为是由骨骼肌收缩产生能量代谢的机体运动。同时还可以将它理解为是体育锻炼的上位概念,统辖涵盖了体育锻炼行为。
人在20岁之后,随着年龄的增长,人体的各种组织和器官逐渐退化,这种退化通常是在一种人体不能够察觉的生理变化中发生,直至老年的到来,最终会导致老年人的生活独立性受到影响(图1)。在人体各种组织和器官逐渐退化方面,有纵向研究结果显示[56],年龄与最大摄氧量(O2max)和骨骼肌相关的退化最为明显。Chodzko-Zajko等人报道[19],人体的骨骼肌能力在40岁之后开始逐步自然下降,65~70岁左右时呈加速式下降,且下肢的下降速率要快于上肢。此外,身体成分的下降是导致老年人健康状况退化的又一重要原因。有研究报道[19],人体的身高在40~50岁后以每10年身高减少1cm的速度下降,60岁以后身高下降更为迅速。在骨密度上,人体骨骼成熟是在20岁左右,之后每年骨密度将下降0.5%,40岁之后,骨密度的下降更为迅速,尤其是女性,绝经期后的女性骨密度每年下降达2%~3%。
图1 普通人20岁后各器官生理指标下降速率曲线图Figure 1 The Decrease Rate of Biological Organ for an Adult after 20Years Old
然而,有规律的身体活动和体育锻炼能够有效地延缓或介入人体生理的退化过程。系统的体育锻炼能够提高老年人的生理能力和延缓这一生理老化过程。骨骼肌对于老年人的独立生活能力至关重要,而通过锻炼能够有效提高老年人的骨骼肌的质量和能力[129],图2所示的是老年人骨骼肌生理机能随年龄正常退化和体育锻炼关系的理论模型。
在身体活动方面,相对年轻人而言,老年人更趋于缺乏足够的身体活动[106,133]。即使对于积极锻炼的老年人来讲,其体育锻炼的形式和内容也趋于低强度的运动如步行、逛公园等等[98]。在年龄相关的慢性疾病上,心血管疾病、高血压、Ⅱ型糖尿病、肥胖病和癌症会随着年龄的增长,发病机率迅速上升[57,107,109]。同时,骨质疏松疾病、关节炎、肌肉衰减综合征[84,94,107]等疾病会伴随着老年人肌肉的衰减而发生。
图2 骨骼肌生理机能随年龄正常退化与体育锻炼关系理论模型曲线图Figure 2 Theoretical Relation between Musculoskeletal Fitness and Independent Living across a Person’s lifespan
大量研究报道,增加身体活动的功效不仅能降低人的死亡率和疾病发生率,而且能够有效地预防包括心血管疾病、中风、高血压、Ⅱ型糖尿病、骨质疏松、肥胖病、结肠癌、乳腺癌、认知障碍、焦虑、抑郁症等疾病。同时,有规律的身体活动对于心血管疾病[28,36,121]、高血压[18,97,120]、Ⅱ型 糖尿病[108]、肥胖病[22]、高胆固醇[120]、骨质疏松[22,32]、骨关节炎[2]、跛行[116]、慢性肺病障碍[95]以及压力和焦虑[14,24]、健忘症[23]、痛苦[3]、充血性心力衰竭[100]、晕厥[12]、中风[33]、背痛[37]和便秘[65]等疾病的控制有着积极的作用。
在身体活动对死亡率的影响上,大量研究结果证实,身体活动较多者患心血管疾病的死亡率低于不活动者2~4倍,增加身体活动水平能够减少死亡率20%~35%[66,67]。来自最近的研究报道,积极的体育锻炼能够减少由心血管疾病引发的死亡率50%以上[81],而且,每周通过身体活动和体育锻炼增加1 000kcal(4 200kJ)的能量消耗或者增加1MET(Metabolic Equivalent of Energy指能量代谢当量,音译为梅脱)能够减少20%的死亡率。通过每周低于1h体育锻炼的中年妇女群体和积极锻炼的中年妇女群体对比发现,前者将会增加52%的死亡危险,后者会减少2倍的心血管疾病引发的危险,降低29%癌症相关疾病的发病率[47];另一个来自19 019个男性样本跨越40年追踪的最新研究认为,高负荷的身体活动能够有效降低来自各种疾病的死亡率[5]。Erikssen对2 014名Q1(体育锻炼最少)~Q4(体育锻炼最多)的4组人群进行了为期22年(从1972年到1994年)的长期追踪研究[26],结果表明:身体锻炼的多少与死亡率有着重要的关联,身体锻炼越多者死亡率越低,甚至身体锻炼负荷量适当的增加都能够有效地减低死亡率。Blair通过5年体育锻炼人群的纵向研究认为,积极从事体育活动的人能够减少死亡率达44%[7]。
体育锻炼能够和药物一样预防和控制疾病也被大量的研究所报道。Warburton等研究认为[128],在理论上,成年人群身体活动和慢性疾病之间存在着线性关系(图3),即越缺乏身体活动的人,其患慢性疾病的机率就越高。
图3 体育锻炼和慢性疾病患病率间线性关系曲线图Figure 3 Theoretical Relationship between the Risk for Chronic Disease and Physical Activity/Fitness
与年轻群体相比,身体活动对老年群体疾病发生率的预防效果更为显著。目前有越来越多的研究得出了身体活动和疾病发生率之间的定量关系。Christensen等人报道了有关老年人身体活动与疾病发生率的纵向研究结果,70岁积极锻炼的老年人和不锻炼老年人相比,在75岁时,其丧失活动能力的机率仅为17%[20]。Haveman-Nies等研究报道[39],积极锻炼的老人和缺乏锻炼的老人相比,能减少53%丧失劳动能力的可能性。Schroll等[101]研究指出,适当锻炼的丹麦老年人(每天20min,每周2~3h)患功能障碍率为不锻炼老年人的1/4。Unger等研究指出[126],对老年群体而言,步行的频率与老年功能水平下降之间存在重要关联。Wu等人报道[136],经常锻炼者的身体功能丧失的发生率仅为不活动者的52%。Boyle等人[11]研究报道,每周多活动1h,其患瘫痪的概率会减少7%,而每天多活动1h的老年人,其概率会减少40%~50%。Leveille等也报道了相似的研究结果[63],其经常锻炼的老年人死亡率下降53%。stbye等人更是准确地研究了老年体育锻炼和丧失活动能力发生率之间的线性关系[114],其体育锻炼和丧失活动能力发生率之间的线性关系是,经常高强度锻炼者为20%,中等强度者为40%,低强度者为50%概率。Van Deb Brink等报道[13],高身体活动量的老年人功能能力丧失率仅为不活动者的40%,中等活动量者为60%。总之,对老年群体而言,体育锻炼和疾病之间存在一种剂量-患病率(Dose-Response)的关系,Paterson[93]对以上的研究进行了总结(图4)。
图4 老年身体活动水平与慢性疾病患病率关系曲线图Figure 4 Prospective cohort studies of the odds ratio of functional limitations in relation to physical activity level for older adults(Paterson,2010)
身体活动对于心血管病人的疾病控制效果已经得到充分证实[127]。传统的观念提倡患有心血管疾病的人群应该多休息,少运动,但研究认为,适当有规律的运动会延缓疾病的进一步恶化,并对疾病的治疗有着积极的作用。Taylor综述了48个临床研究发现[119],对比正常用药组,采用身体活动治疗组的心血管病人的死亡率明显下降。每周消耗1 600kcal能量能够有效的延缓疾病的进一步恶化,而每周2 200kcal能量能够更为有效的控制疾病[30,38]。45%最大有氧活动能够有效地提高心血管病人的健康状态[8]。总之,有规律的身体活动能够有效防治心血管疾病的发生,同时也能够在很大程度上降低死亡率。
在身体活动对糖尿病的预防方面,有氧和力量训练都能够有效减少Ⅱ型糖尿病的发生[41,42,130,131]。Helmrich等 研究认为[41],每周增加500kcal能量消耗能够减少6%的Ⅱ型糖尿病的发生率。Manson等通过对21 271名有锻炼习惯的男性流行病学研究认为,经常从事体育锻炼的人其Ⅱ型糖尿病的发生率大大下降[68],并认为,中等强度的体育锻炼能够有效的控制Ⅱ型糖尿病的进一步恶化。体育锻炼对于肥胖患者的防治糖尿病效果更佳[125,135]。Williamson综述了大量的实验研究后指出[135],通过适当的饮食控制和体育锻炼能够有效降低糖尿病40%~60%发病机率。Knowle的研究报道[55],每周累计150min中强度的体育锻炼是非常有效的介入糖尿病治疗的方式。总之,大量的实验研究已经证实:身体活动能够有效地预防糖尿病的发生。
在身体活动对Ⅱ型糖尿病控制的效果方面,大量的研究认为身体活动是控制糖尿病的有效方式[108]。Gregg等研究认为[34],每周进行2h的步行锻炼能够减少39%~54%的由糖尿病引发的总体死亡率,能够减少34-53%由心血管疾病并发糖尿病死亡率。Wei研究报道[132],糖尿病患者中经常参加体育锻炼者其死亡率水平比不参加锻炼者低1.7倍。Hsia等人的研究都得出了身体活动能够有效干预糖尿病进一步恶化的结论[17,25,44-46]。Dunstan等报道[25],有氧锻炼和力量锻炼对控制糖尿病都有很好的效果,而力量锻炼对于控制血糖的效果更佳。Boule等系统的综述研究报道[10],在14个(11个随机分配)控制性实验中,即对受试者一组进行锻炼介入,一组进行传统药物治疗,发现身体锻炼的介入对于治疗糖尿病有重要效果。并且,研究报道身体锻炼组与控制组相比,减少死亡率达42%。总之,身体活动对于预防和控制糖尿病的作用已经毋庸置疑,然而,其中需要更为深入的研究是,需要对体育锻炼中的负荷-反应疗效做进一步定量分析,以期找出体育锻炼的剂量-效果之间的定量关系,以更好地指导锻炼者科学锻炼。
在身体活动对于癌症的预防方面,Shephard等报道了癌症和体育锻炼之间的关系[60,107,122],有规律的身体活动(无论是工作需要还是业余锻炼)都能够减低癌症的发病率,特别对女性乳腺癌和直肠癌两种肿瘤疾病作用最为显著。Lee综述报道[60],中强度的身体活动(≈4.5METs)与低强度(>3METs)的身体活动相比,中强度的锻炼效果更好;从事积极身体活动和经常锻炼的群体,其直肠癌的患病率能够减少30%~40%,乳腺癌的患病率能够减少20%~30%。总之,有规律的身体活动能够有效减少癌症的发病率,尤其是对预防直肠癌和女性乳腺癌[115]等肿瘤疾病更为有效。
在身体活动对于癌症控制方面,到目前为止,有较少的研究证实身体活动可以减低癌症患者死亡率。有研究对患乳腺癌和直肠癌肿瘤疾病的患者进行追踪研究显示,体育锻炼能够大大降低癌症的再次发生率和死亡率[40,43]。Holmes的研究报道[43],积极锻炼的癌症患者其死亡率较不锻炼者低26%~40%。Jones等认为,对于体育锻炼治愈癌症的机制还需要进一步研究[48],然而,许多研究已经证实,有规律的身体活动能够改善癌症患者生活质量并提高其健康水平这一点已经毋庸置疑[1,31,76,77,102]。
在身体活动对骨质疏松的预防和控制方面,力量练习是提高骨密度的最好锻炼方式。Warburton综述[130]报道,力量锻炼能够很大程度上提高老年人的骨密度水平。而且从事力量相关项目的运动员,其骨密度水平高于其他非力量型项目的运动员。多年纵向研究报道[6,9,50,51],力量锻炼对于提高各个年龄阶段群体(少儿、青少年、年轻人、成年人、中年人和老年人)的骨健康都具有显著作用。尤其对于老年人,随着年龄的增长,骨质会逐渐流失,变得疏松,因而进行力量锻炼对于延缓老年人的骨质疏松其意义重大。Bakker研究报道[4],力量锻炼能够每年减少1%的脊椎和后背的骨质流失。Shaw等研究认为,力量锻炼对减少老年人的摔倒有很好的预防效果[15,105]。一项来自3 262人21年的纵向追踪研究认为[49],有规律的身体锻炼能够减少髋部骨折的发生率。总之,有规律的身体活动是减少人体骨密度矿物质流失和延缓骨质疏松的重要手段,特别对绝经后的女性有着更为重要的作用,并且对于老年人而言,身体活动是延缓骨质疏松的一剂良药。
在身体活动对骨质疏松的改善方面,Liu-Ambrose研究[64]指出,身体活动能够有效提高老年女性(75~85岁)的骨密度水平。在6个月的实验期间,将98名女性分成3组(力量组n=32;灵敏性训练组n=34;牵拉锻炼组n=32),实验结果表明,灵敏组提高了骨密度0.5%,力量组提高骨密度达1.4%,而牵拉组的骨密度水平下降。由此Liu-Ambrose认为,力量训练对改善骨质疏松症有重要的效果。Kemmler研究报道[52],通过2年对绝经期骨质疏松女性的研究证实,高强度力量训练课程有效降低了骨质流失。总之,有规律的体育锻炼,特别是力量训练对提高和保持骨健康,改善骨质疏松效果显著。另外,Pate等人的研究揭示[89],有规律的身体活动能量消耗>2 000Kcal(8400J),能够提高80岁以上老人寿命1~2年。
越来越多的研究表明,有规律的身体活动或体育锻炼是一剂良药。在疾病的预防方面,合理的体育锻炼剂量(dose-response)对全因死亡率(all-cause mortality)和对以下七种慢性疾病:心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease),中风(stroke),高血压(hypertension),结肠癌(colon cancer),乳腺癌(breast cancer),Ⅱ型糖尿病(type 2diabetes mellitus)和骨质疏松(osteoporosis)具有明显的效果。总之,大量的研究表明,身体活动和以上7种慢性疾病的运动-预防效果得以证实,而且高水平的身体活动能够大大减少人的死亡率,能够有效地提高患慢性病群体的生活质量。
除生理疾病外,目前有越来越多的研究表明,身体活动对老年人的心理健康有着积极的影响[74,112],身体活动已经应用到临床抑郁症和焦虑症的治疗上。并且,能够明显地提高人的自我概念(Self-Concept)和自尊(Self-Esteem)。McAuley和Katula[75]讨论了老年人身体活动和自我效能感(Self-efficacy)之间的关系。研究认为,从事身体活动较多的老年人的身体素质和自我效能感都得到了很高的提升。一些研究还认为,中强度的身体活动比低或高强度的身体活动在提高老年人的自我效能感方面更有效[54,74]。还有研究报道,有规律的身体锻炼能够有效地降低老年群体的老年痴呆症机率或认知能力下降。加拿大健康和老龄化方面的学者研究认为,体育锻炼能够有效降低老年人的认知损伤和老年痴呆症的机率[59]。也有研究认为,身体活动能力和认知的下降存在着重要的关系[53]。Oregon Brain Aging研究报道,老年人的走步行速度和认知受伤的发作之间存在相关关系。Tabbarah研究报道了认知能力和日常身体活动之间的关系[117]。实验心理学的一项研究表明,短时期的有氧身体锻炼介入能够有效地提高人的记忆力、注意力和反应时能力[21]。实验心理学的联合研究表明,身体锻炼结合精神治疗介入能够有效提高认知能力[27,85]。在老年人的体育锻炼和 QOL之间(QOL是指个体意识对自我生活满意度的指标[96])的关系也有许多研究。Rejeski和 Mihalko综述指出[99],大量的研究证实,体育锻炼与提高个体QOL之间存在正相关性,身体活动与提高心理健康和心理调试之间也存在正相关性。最近的综述指出,力量锻炼能够有效地提高以下几个心理健康和生活相关的指数,这些心理健康和生活相关的指数包括焦虑、抑郁、总体生活感知水平 和 QOL[83,113,118]。一项随机控制的研究认为,力量锻炼可以有效地改善年轻人和老年人的抑郁症状。临床研究表明,力量[69,110,111]和有氧锻炼[35,70,71]能够有效提高抑郁症的治 愈率 25-88%。也有研究表明,中强度的力量锻炼会使老年人焦虑水平下降[124]。然而,低强度的力量锻炼对健康老年人的效果未见报道。最新一个随机试验研究报道认为[123],高强度大负荷的身体活动实验组和低强度低负荷的对照对于治疗抑郁症有着显著性的不同结果,该研究认为,高强度大负荷的身体活动和锻炼能更加有效治疗抑郁症。
大量的研究表明,有规律的身体锻炼能够有效的从生理和心理上提高人们的生活质量,其意义已经毋庸置疑。
1995年,Pate等人首次提出了美国体育锻炼和公共健康政策的国民推荐适应身体负荷[90]。这个负荷剂量后来由美国卫生部签署推荐给国民指导身体活动和锻炼使用。美国体育锻炼和公共健康政策的国民适宜负荷量是,每个人都应该从事每周4~7次(最好是每天),每天活动不少于30min,中等强度的健康锻炼。1995年,美国疾病控制和防御中心(CDC)和美国运动医学学会(ACSM)联合推荐,每一名美国成人都应该在每周中,最好是每天或五天以上从事30min以上中等强度的身体活动,从能量消耗的角度,身体活动的消耗量应大于4200kJ/周(1 000kcal/周),大约是6 300~8 400kJ/周(1 500~2 000kcal/周)。之后,最好能够达到大约6 300~8 400KJ/周。许多学者和专家认为,每天不少于30min的锻炼标准适用于各种形式和强度的锻炼。进入21世纪之后,适合不同群体的最低身体活动和锻炼的负荷剂量也相继面世。以下是对预防慢性疾病发生和发展的成年人(18~65岁),老年人(65岁以上)和已患慢性疾病人群的不同群体间适宜负荷剂量推荐研究结果。
2007年,美国运动医学学会和美国心脏学会联合更新了1995年制定关于预防慢性疾病发生的正常成年人(18~65岁)身体活动和公共健康锻炼适宜负荷(表1)。在这个推荐的身体活动及锻炼最低负荷剂量中,首先,对中强度体育锻炼的频率做了有效区分;第二,增加了高强度体育锻炼的内容;第三,将中高强度体育锻炼之间的组合和相互代替做了说明;第四,推荐了有氧活动的总负荷量中需要加入日常性的身体活动内容;第五,进一步强调了超过此最低锻炼标准之上的身体活动会增加健康受益的可能性;第六,提出了每次锻炼的有效时间应不低于10min,每天累计不少于30min的负荷标准;第七,对力量锻炼的次数提出了最低要求。
表1 美国运动医学(ACSM)和心脏学会(AHA)推荐18~65岁成人群体最低锻炼负荷标准一览表Table 1 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Healthy Adults Aged 18~65Year
1998年,由Mazzeo等人提出,经美国运动医学学会推荐给美国国民的有关预防慢性疾病发生和发展的老年人公共健康身体活动和体育锻炼适宜负荷出台[72]。2007年,美国运动医学学会和美国心脏学会联合公共健康、行为科学、流行病学、运动科学、医学和老年学方面的专家,再次更新了推荐指导(表2),针对有氧、力量、平衡和柔韧四个方面给出了65岁以上老年人身体活动的具体推荐标准[82]。
多年来,就老年人的身体活动和体育锻炼负荷标准上,许多学者进行了卓有成效的研究,Paterson[92]从纵向研究中选择了有影响的学者14个研究的结果(表3)[29,58,61,62,78-80,86-88,91,104],在这一基础上整理出预防慢性疾病发生的老年人身体活动适宜负荷研究。
对患性疾病的群体而言(主要发生在老年群体),不同的疾病应当有针对性地锻炼和身体活动,其身体活动和锻炼的类型、负荷强度、量和频率都应该有所差异。表4是由美国运动医学学会和美国心脏学会2007年共同推荐的已患慢性疾病群体的锻炼指导[82],在这个表中,主要是推荐该群体针对力量、耐力、平衡和柔韧能力进行的锻炼,锻炼的最低频率在低强度3~5天/周,每次不低于30min,或高强度3天/周,每次不低于20min的身体活动。
表2 美国运动医学学会和美国心脏学会推荐老年人体育锻炼负荷最低标准一览表Table 2 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults
表3 研究推荐普通老年人身体活动和锻炼适宜负荷一览表Table 3 Physical Activity Recommendations for the General Elderly Appropriate Load
表4 美国运动医学学会和美国心脏学会老年疾病患者锻炼推荐负荷标准一览表Table 4 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults in Chronic Diseases
续表4
身体活动对疾病健康的功效已经被大量的研究证实,然而,身体活动能否像药一样治愈疾病以及它们之间的“剂量-功效”关系还有待于进一步研究。根据机体对不同刺激适应的专门化原理,不同类型、不同强度、不同频率的身体活动对机体的刺激显然会产生不同的结果。就锻炼形式而言,西方流行的有氧活动和力量锻炼效果已经有了较为充分的研究,但导引养生和太极拳等适宜于老年人活动的东方健身手段对健康和疾病的功效和影响还没有得到足够的研究重视。在锻炼的负荷上,人体对于强度的变化最为敏感,对不同的人群采用何种强度锻炼最佳,这些基本问题还没有得到科学回答。期待着有更多的后续研究就这些基本问题做出更深层面的认识和更加科学的回答。
[1]ADAMSEN L,MIDTGAARD J,RORTH,M,et al..Feasibility,physical capacity,and health benefits of a multidimensional exercise program for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy[J].Supp Care Cancer,2003,11(11):707-716.
[2]ALTMAN R D,HOCHBERG M C,MOSKOWITZ R W,Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee:2000update[J].Arthritis Rheum,2000,43(9):1905-1915.
[3]ANON..AGS clinical practice guidelines:The management of chronic pain in older persons[M].GERIATRICS,1998,53Suppl.3,S6-S7.
[4]BAKKER I,TWISK J W R,VAN MECHELEN W,Ten‐Year Longitudinal Relationship Between Physical Activity and Lumbar Bone Mass in (Young)Adults[J].J Bone Mineral Res,2003,18(2):325-332.
[5]BATTY G D,SHIPLEY M J,KIVIMAKI M,et al.Walking pace,leisure time physical activity,and resting heart rate in relation to disease-specific mortality in london:40years follow-up of the original whitehall study.An update of our work with professor Jerry N.Morris(1910-2009)[J].Annals Epidemio,2010,20(9):661-669.
[6]BERARD A,BRAVO G,GAUTHIER P.Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of physical activity for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women[J].Osteoporosis Int,1997,7(4):331-337.
[7]BLAIR S N,KOHL H W,BARLOW C E,et al.Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality[J].JAMA,1995,273(14):1093.
[8]BLUMENTHAL J A,REJESKI W J,WALSH-RIDDLE M,et al.Comparison of high-and low-intensity exercise training early after acute myocardial infarction*1[J].Am J Cardiology,1988,61(1):26-30.
[9]BONAIUTI D,SHEA B,IOVINE R,et al.Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J].Evid Based Nurs,2003,6(2):50-51.
[10]BOULE N G,HADDAD E,KENNY G P,et al.Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2diabetes mellitus-A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials[J].JAMA,2001,286(10):1218-1227.
[11]BOYLE P A,BUCHMAN A S,WILSON R S,et al.Physical Activity Is Associated with Incident Disability in Community‐Based Older Persons[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,2007,55(2):195-201.
[12]BRIGNOLE M,ALBONI P,BENDITT D G,et al.Guidelines on management(diagnosis and treatment)of syncope-update 2004[J].Eur Heart J,2004,25(22):2054.
[13]BRINK CLVD,PICAVET H,BOS GAMV,et al.Duration and intensity of physical activity and disability among European elderly men[J].Disability Rehabilit,2005,27(6):341-347.
[14]BROSSE A L,SHEETS E S,LETT H S,et al.Exercise and the treatment of clinical depression in adults-Recent findings and future directions[J].Sports Med,2002,32(12):741-760.
[15]CARTER N D,KHAN K M,PETIT M A,et al.Results of a 10 week community based strength and balance training programme to reduce fall risk factors:a randomised controlled trial in 65-75year old women with osteoporosis[J].British J Sports Med,2001,35(5):348.
[16]CASPERSEN C J,POWELL K E,CHRISTENSON G M.Physical activity,exercise,and physical fitness:definitions and distinctions for health-related research[J].Public Health Reports,1985,100(2):126-132.
[17]CAUZA E,HANUSCH-ENSERER U,STRASSER B,et al.The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on themetabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2diabetes mellitus[J].Archives of Physical Med Rehabilit,2005,86(8):1527-1533.
[18]CHOBANIAN A V,BAKRIS G L,BLACK H R,et al.Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection,Evaluation,and Treatment of High Blood Pressure[J].Hypertension,2003,42(6):1206-1252.
[19]CHODZKO-ZAJKO W J,PROCTOR D N,FIATARONE SINGH M A,et al.Exercise and physical activity for older adults[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2009,41(7):1510-1530.
[20]CHRISTENSEN U,STVRING N,SCHULTZ LARSEN K,et al.Functional ability at age 75:is there an impact of physical inactivity from middle age to early old age[J].Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports,2006,16(4):245-251.
[21]COLCOMBE S,KRAMER A F.Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults[J].Psychol Sci,2003,14(2):125-130.
[22]DHHS U S.Bone health and osteoporosis:a report of the Surgeon General[J].Rockville,MD:US Department of Health and Human Services,Office of the Surgeon General,2004:16-35.
[23]DOODY R S,STEVENS J C,BECK C,et al.Practice parameter:Management of dementia(an evidence-based review)-Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology[J].NEUROLOGY,2001,56(9):1154-1166.
[24]DUNN A L,TRIVEDI M H,O'NEAL H A.Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2001,33(6):S587-S597.
[25]DUNSTAN D W,DALY R M,OWEN N,et al.Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2012,28(1):3-9.
[26]ERIKSSEN G.Physical fitness and changes in mortality:the survival of the fittest[J].Sports Med,2001,31(8):571-576.
[27]FABRE C,CHAMARI K,MUCCI P,et al.Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects[J].Int J Sports Med,2002,23(6):415-421.
[28]FLETCHER G F,BALADY G J,AMSTERDAM E A,et al.Exercise standards for testing and training-A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,2001,104(14):1694-1740.
[29]FOLSOM A R,ARNETT D K,HUTCHINSON R G,et al.Physical activity and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women and men[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,1997,29(7):901.
[30]FRANKLIN B A,SWAIN D P,SHEPHARD R J.New insights in the prescription of exercise for coronary patients[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,2003,18(2):116-123.
[31]GALVAO D A,NEWTON R U.Review of exercise intervention studies in cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(4):899-909.
[32]GOING S,LOHMAN T,HOUTKOOPER L,et al.Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy[J].Osteoporosis Int,2003,14(8):637-643.
[33]GORDON N F,GULANICK M,COSTA F,et al.Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors-An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology,Subcommittee on Exercise,Cardiac Rehabilitation,and Prevention;the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing;the Council on Nutrition,Physical Activity,and Metabolism;and the Stroke Council[J].Circulation,2004,109(16):2031-2041.
[34]GREGG E W,GERZOFF R B,THOMPSON T J,et al.Trying to lose weight,losing weight,and 9-year mortality in overweight US adults with diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27(3):657-662.
[35]GREIST J H,KLEIN M H,EISCHENS R R,et al.Running as treatment for depression[J].Comprehensive Psychiatry,1979,20(1):41-54.
[36]HAGEN K B,HILDE G,JAMTVEDT G,et al.The Cochrane review of advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica[J].Spine,2002,27(16):1736-1741.
[37]HAGEN K B,HILDE G,JAMTVEDT G,et al.The Cochrane review of advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica[J].Spine,2002,27(16):1736-1741.
[38]HAMBRECHT R,NIEBAUER J,MARBURGER C,et al.Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease:effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions[J].J Am College Cardiol,1993,22(2):468-477.
[39]HAVEMAN-NIES A,DE GROOT L C,VAN STAVEREN W A.Relation of dietary quality,physical activity,and smoking habits to 10-year changes in health status in older Europeans in the SENECA study[J].Am J Public Health,2003,93(2):318-323.
[40]HAYDON A,MACINNIS R J,ENGLISH D R,et al.Effect of physical activity and body size on survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer[J].Gut,2006,55(1):62-67.
[41]HELMRICH S P,RAGLAND D R,LEUNG R W,et al.Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[J].New England J Med,1991,325(3):147-152.
[42]HELMRICH S P,RAGLAND D R,PAFFENBARGER JR R S.Prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with physical activity[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,1994,26(7):824.
[43]HOLMES M D,CHEN W Y,FESKANICH D,et al.Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis[J].JAMA,2005,293(20):2479-2486.
[44]HOLTEN M K,ZACHO M,GASTER M,et al.Strength train-ing increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake,GLUT4content,and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes,2004,53(2):294-305.
[45]HONKOLA A,FORSEN T,ERIKSSON J.Resistance training improves the metabolic profile in individuals with type 2diabetes[J].Acta Diabetologica,1997 34(4):245-248.
[46]HSIA J,WU L L,ALLEN C,et al.Physical activity and diabetes risk in postmenopausal women[J].Am J Preven Med,2005,28(1):19-25.
[47]Hu,F B,Willett W C,Li,T,et al.Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women[J].Obstetrical Gynecological Survey,2005,60(5):311.
[48]JONES L W,EVES N D,COURNEYA K S,et al.Effects of exercise training on antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin in MDAMB-231breast cancer engrafts[J].Clin Cancer Res,2005,11(18):6695-6698.
[49]KANNUS P,SIEVANEN H,PALVANEN M,et al.Prevention of falls and consequent injuries in elderly people[J].LANCET,2005,366(9500):1885-1893.
[50]KELLEY G A.Exercise and regional bone mineral density in postmenopausal women:A meta-analytic review of randomized trials[J].Am J Physical Med Rehab,1998,77(1):76-87.
[51]KELLEY G.Aerobic exercise and lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women:A meta-analysis[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,1998,46(2):143-152.
[52]KEMMLER W,LAUBER D,WEINECK J,et al.Benefits of 2 years of intense exercise on bone density,physical fitness,and blood lipids in early postmenopausal osteopenic women:results of the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study(EFOPS)[J].ArchivesIint Med,2004:1084-1091.
[53]KEYSOR J J.Does late-life physical activity or exercise prevent or minimize disablement?::A critical review of the scientific evidence[J].Am J Prevent Med,2003,25(3):129-136.
[54]KING A C,TAYLOR C B,HASKELL W L.Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults[J].Health Psychol,1993,12(4):292-300.
[55]KNOWLER W C.Barrett-Connor E,Fowler SE,et al;for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.Reduction in the incidence of type 2diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin[J].New Engl and J Med,2002,346(6):393-403.
[56]KOHRT W M,MALLEY M T,COGGAN A R,et al.Effects of gender,age,and fitness level on response of VO2max to training in 60-71yr olds[J].J Appl Physiol,1991,71(5):2001-2004.
[57]LAKATTA E G,LEVY D.Arterial and cardiac aging:major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises:Part I:aging arteries:a"set up"for vascular disease[J].Circulat,2003,107(1):139-146.
[58]LAKKA T A,VEN L INEN J M,RAURAMAA R,et al.Rela-tion of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction[J].New England J Med,1994,330(22):1549.
[59]LAURIN D,VERREAULT R,LINDSAY J,et al.Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons[J].Archiv Neurol-Chicago,2001,58(3):498-504.
[60]LEE I M.Physical activity and cancer prevention-Data from epidemiologic studies[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2003,35(11):1823-1827.
[61]LEE I.Physical activity and all-cause mortality:what is the dose-response relation[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2001,33(6):S459.
[62]LEON A S,CONNETT J,JACOBS D R,et al.Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death[J].JAMA,1987,258(17):2388.
[63]LEVEILLE S G,GURALNIK J M,FERRUCCI L,et al.Aging successfully until death in old age:opportunities for increasing active life expectancy[J].Am J Epidemiol,1999,149(7):654-664.
[64]LIU-AMBROSE T,KHAN K M,DONALDSON M G,et al.Falls-related self-efficacy is independently associated with balance and mobility in older women with low bone mass[J].J Gerontol Series A:Biolo Sci Med Sci,2006,61(8):832.
[65]LOCKE RD G R,PEMBERTON J H,PHILLIPS S F.AGA technical review on constipation.American Gastroenterological Association[J].Gastroenterol,2000,119(6):1766.
[66]MACERA C A,HOOTMAN J M,SNIEZEK J E.Major public health benefits of physical activity[J].Arthritis Care Res,2003,49(1):122-128.
[67]MACERA C A,POWELL K E.Population attributable risk:implications of physical activity dose[J].Med Sci Sports Exe,2001,33(6Suppl):S635.
[68]MANSON J A E,NATHAN D M,KROLEWSKI A S,et al.A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians[J].JAMA,1992,268(1):63-67.
[69]MARTINSEN E W,HOFFART A,SOLBERG O.Comparing aerobic with nonaerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression:A randomized trial* 1[J].Comprehensive Psychiatry,1989,30(4):324-331.
[70]MARTINSEN E W,MEDHUS A,SANDVIK L.Effects of aerobic exercise on depression:a controlled study[J].British Med J,1985,291(6488):109.
[71]MATHER A S,RODRIGUEZ C,GUTHRIE M F,et al.Effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with poorly responsive depressive disorder:randomised controlled trial[J].British J Psychiatry,2002,180(5):411-415.
[72]MAZZEO R S,CAVANAGH P,EVANS W J,et al.ACSM position stand:exercise and physical activity for older adults[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,1998,30(6):992-1008.
[73]MCAULEY E,BLISSMER B,KATULA J,et al.Physical ac-tivity,self-esteem,and self-efficacy relationships in older adults:a randomized controlled trial[J].Annals of Behav Med,2000,22(2):131-139.
[74]MCAULEY E,BLISSMER B,MARQUEZ D X,et al.Social relations,physical activity,and well-being in older adults[J].Preventive Med,2000,31(5):608-617.
[75]MCAULEY E,KONOPACK J F,MOTL R W,et al.Physical activity and quality of life in older adults:influence of health status and self-efficacy[J].Ann Behav Med,2006,31(1):99-103.
[76]MCKENZIE D C.Abreast in a Boat-a race against breast cancer[J].Can Med Associa J,1998,159(4):376-378.
[77]MCKENZIE D C,KALDA A L.Effect of upper extremity exercise on secondary lymphedema in breast cancer patients:A pilot study[J].J Clin Oncol,2003,21(3):463-466.
[78]MORRIS J N,CHAVE S,ADAM C,et al.Vigorous exercise in leisure-time and the incidence of coronary heart-disease[J].Lancet,1973,301(7799):333-339.
[79]MORRIS J N,CLAYTON D G,EVERITT M G,et al.Exercise in leisure time:coronary attack and death rates[J].British Heart J,1990,63(6):325.
[80]MORRIS J N,POLLARD R,EVERITT M G,et al.Vigorous exercise in leisure-time:protection against coronary heart disease[J].Lancet,1980,316(8206):1207-1210.
[81]MYERS J,KAYKHA A,GEORGE S,et al.Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men[J].Am J Med,2004,117(12):912-918.
[82]NELSON M E,REJESKI W J,BLAIR S N,et al.Physical activity and public health in older adults:recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association[J].Circulat,2007,116(9):1094-1105.
[83]NETZ Y,WU M J,BECKER B J,et al.Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age:a meta-analysis of intervention studies[J].Psychol Aging,2005,20(2):272-284.
[84]OSTCHEGA Y,HARRIS T B,HIRSCH R,et al.The prevalence of functional limitations and disability in older persons in the US:Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,2000,48(9):1132-1135.
[85]OSWALD W D,RUPPRECHT R,GUNZELMANN T,et al.The SIMA-project:effects of 1year cognitive and psychomotor training on cognitive abilities of the elderly[J].Behav Brain Res,1996,78(1):67-72.
[86]PAFFENBARGER R S,HYDE R T,WING A L,et al.Physical activity,all-cause mortality,and longevity of college alumni[J].New England J Med,1986,314(10):605-613.
[87]PAFFENBARGER R S,HYDE R T,WING A L.The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men[J].New England J Med,1993,328(8):538-545.
[88]PAFFENBARGER R S,WING A L,HYDE R T.Physical ac-tivity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni[J].Am J Epidemio,1978,108(3):161.
[89]PATE R R,PRATT M,BLAIR S N,et al.Physical activity and public health[J].JAMA,1995,273(5):402.
[90]PATE R R,PRATT M,BLAIR S N,et al.Physical activity and public health.A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine[J].JAMA,1995,273(5):402-407.
[91]PATE R R,PRATT M,BLAIR S N,et al.Physical activity and public health[J].JAMA,1995,273(5):402.
[92]PATERSON D H,JONES G R,RICE C L.Ageing and physical activity:evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults[J].Can J Public Health,2007,98(S)69-108.
[93]PATERSON D H,WARBURTON D E R.Physical Activity and Functional Limitations in Older Adults:A Systematic Review Related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines[J].Int J Behav Nutr Physical Act,2010,7(1):1-22.
[94]PATERSON D,STATHOKOSTAS L.Physical activity,fitness,and gender in relation to morbidity,survival,quality of life,and independence in older age[M].Intorma Healthcare,2002.
[95]PAUWELS R A,BUIST A S,CALVERLEY P,et al.Global strategy for the diagnosis,management,and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease(GOLD)Workshop summary[J].Am J Respirat Critical Care Med,2001,163(5):1256-1276.
[96]PAVOT W,DIENER E,COLVIN C R,et al.Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale:Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures[J].J Personality Assessment,1991,57(1):149-161.
[97]PESCATELLO L S,FRANKLIN B A,FAGARD R,et al.Exercise and hypertension[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2004,36(3):533.
[98]RAFFERTY A P,REEVES M J,MCGEE H B,et al.Physical activity patterns among walkers and compliance with public health recommendations[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2002,34(8):1255-1261.
[99]REJESKI W J,MIHALKO S L.Physical activity and quality of life in older adults[J].J Gerontol Series A:Biolo Sci Med Sci,2001,56(suppl 2):23-35.
[100]REMME W J,SWEDBERG K.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure[J].Eur Heart J,2001,22(17):1527-1560.
[101]SCHROLL M,AVLUND K,DAVIDSEN M.Predictors of five-year functional ability in a longitudinal survey of men and women aged 75to 80.The 1914-population in Glostrup,Denmark[J].Aging(Milan,Italy),1997,9(1-2):143.
[102]SEGAL R J,REID R D,COURNEYA K S,et al.Resistance
exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy forprostate cancer[J].J Clin Oncol,2003,21(9):1653-1659.
[103]SERVICES U D O H.Health:A Report of the Surgeon General.Atlanta,GA:US Department of Health and Human Services[M].Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.1996:146-148.
[104]SESSO H D,PAFFENBARGER JR R S,LEE I.Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men:The Harvard Alumni Health Study[J].Circulat,2000,102(9):975.
[105]SHAW J M,SNOW C M.Weighted vest exercise improves indices of fall risk in older women[J].J Gerontol Series A:Biolog Sci Med Sci,1998,53(1):M53.
[106]SHCHOENBORN C,ADAMS P F,BARNES P M,et al.2001.Health Behaviors of Adults:United States[M].Washington(DC):National Center for Health Statistics,2004,39-54.
[107]SHEPHARD R J,FUTCHER R.Physical activity and cancer:How may protection be maximized[J].Critical Rev Oncogenesis,1997,8(2-3):219-272.
[108]SIGAL R J,KENNY G P,WASSERMAN D H,et al.Physical activity/exercise and type 2diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27(10):2518-2539.
[109]SINGH M A F.Exercise and aging[J].Clin Geriatric Med,2004,20(2):201-222.
[110]SINGH N A,CLEMENTS K M,FIATARONE M A.A randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders[J].J Gerontol Series A:Biolo Sci Med Sci,1997,52(1):M27-M35.
[111]SINGH N A,CLEMENTS K M,SINGH M A F.The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects[J].J Gerontol Series A:Biolo Sci Med Sci,2001,56(8):M497-M504.
[112]SPIRDUSO W W,FRANCIS K L,MACRAE P G.Physical dimensions of aging[M].Human Kinetics Publishers.2005.
[113]SPIRDUSO W W,CRONIN D L.Exercise dose-response effects on quality of life and independent living in older adults[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2001,33(6):S598-S608.
[114]STBYE T,TAYLOR D H,JUNG S H.A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Tobacco Smoking and Other Modifiable Risk Factors on Ill Health in Middle-Aged and Old Americans*1::Results from the Health and Retirement Study and Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old Survey[J].Preven Med,2002,34(3):334-345.
[115]STERNFELD B,WELTZIEN E,QUESENBERRY JR C P,et al.Physical activity and risk of recurrence and mortality in breast cancer survivors:findings from the LACE study[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Preven,2009,18(1):87-95.
[116]STEWART A,LAMONT P M.Exercise training for claudication[J].Surgeon-J Royal Colleges Surgeons Edinburgh Ireland,2007,5(5):291-299.
[117]TABBARAH M,CRIMMINS E M,SEEMAN T E.The Rela-tionship Between Cognitive and Physical Performance[J].J Gerontol Series A:Biolo Sci Med Sci,2002,57(4):M228-M235.
[118]TAYLOR A H,CABLE N T,FAULKNER G,et al.Physical activity and older adults:a review of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions[J].J Sports Sci,2004,22(8):703-725.
[119]TAYLOR R S,BROWN A,EBRAHIM S,et al.Exercisebased rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease:systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials* 1[J].Am J Med,2004,116(10):682-692.
[120]THOMPSON P D,BUCHNER D,PINA I L,et al.Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease[J].Circulat,2003,107(24):3109-3116.
[121]THOMPSON P D,CROUSE S F,GOODPASTER B,et al.The acute versus the chronic response to exercise[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2001,33(6):S438-S445.
[122]THUNE I,FURBERG A S.Physical activity and cancer risk:dose-response and cancer,all sites and site-specific[J].Med Sci Sport Exe,2001,33Suppl.S(6):S530-S550.
[123]TRIVEDI M H,GREER T L,CHURCH T S,et al.Exercise as an augmentation treatment for nonremitted major depressive disorder:a randomized,parallel dose comparison[J].J Clin Psychiatry,2011,72(5):677-684.
[124]TSUTSUMI T,DON B M,ZAICHKOWSKY L D,et al.Comparison of high and moderate intensity of strength training on mood and anxiety in older adults[J].Perceptual Motor Skills,1998,87(3):1003-1011.
[125]TUOMILEHTO J,LINDSTROM J,ERIKSSON J G,et al.Prevention of type 2diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance[J].New England J Med,2001,344(18):1343-1350.
[126]UNGER J B,JOHNSON C A,MARKS G.Functional decline in the elderly:evidence for direct and stress-buffering protective effects of social interactions and physical activity[J].Ann Behavioral Med,1997,19(2):152-160.
[127]WANNAMETHEE S G,SHAPER A G,WALKER M.Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease[J].Circulat,2000,102(12):1358-1363.
[128]WARBURTON D E R,CHARLESWORTH S,IVEY A,et al.A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults[J].Int J Behav Nutrit Physical Activity,2010,7(1):1-220.
[129]WARBURTON D E R,NICOL C W,BREDIN S S D.Health benefits of physical activity:the evidence[J].Can Med Associa J,2006,174(6):801-809.
[130]WARBURTON D,GLEDHILL N,QUINNEY A.Musculoskeletal fitness and health[J].Can J Appl Physiol-Revue,2001,26(2):217-237.
[131]WARBURTON D,NICOL C W,BREDIN S.Health benefits of physical activity:the evidence[J].Can Med Associa J,2006,174(6):801-809.
[132]WEI M,GIBBONS L W,KAMPERT J B,et al.Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2diabetes[J].Annals Int Med,2000,132(8):605.
[133]WESTERTERP K R.Daily physical activity and ageing[J].Current Opinion Clin Nutrtion Metabolic Care,2000,3(6):485-488.
[134]WHO.A global strategy for diet,physical activity,and health[M].Geneva:WHO;2004.
[135]WILLIAMSON D F,VINICOR F,BOWMAN B A.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Primary Prevention Working Group.Primary prevention of type 2diabetes mellitus by lifestyle intervention:implications for health policy[J].Ann Int Med,2004,140(11):951-957.
[136]WU S C,LEU S Y,LI C Y.Incidence of and predictors for chronic disability in activities of daily living among older people in Taiwan[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,1999,47(9):1082.
Review on Appropriate Dose-response of Physical Activity for Health Benefits and Chronic Diseases Prevention
YU Hong-jun1,LIU Lu2
From the perspective of physical activity for chronic disease prevention and control efficacy,this paper reviewed and analyzed the history of physical activity,the relationship between physical activity and human physiological degenerative rates,all-cause mortality,disease rate,cardiovascular disease,Type II diabetes,cancer,osteoporosis and psychological diseases,and discussed the recommendation for training load of physical activity for healthy adult(age at 18~65years),healthy older adult(above 65years old)and patients.
physical activity;sports exercise;training load;chronic diseases prevention
G806
A
1002-9826(2012)04-0113-11
2011-10-25;
2012-06-18
教育部学术博士研究生学术新人奖基金资助。
于洪军(1982-),男,河北人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为老年身体活动与健康,Tel:(010)51533709,E-mail:yuhj05@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn;刘路(1984-),男,江苏盐城人,助教,硕士,主要研究方向为体质与健康,Tel:(0515)88233198,E-mail:lew2016@163.com。