B. 句式句法篇

2012-04-29 00:00:00张庆
初中生世界·九年级 2012年5期

一、 根据句子的语气可以分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

1. 陈述句用来陈述一项事实,包含肯定句和否定句。如:This is Mr Zhang speaking.

There is nothing else in the fridge.

2. 疑问句用来提出问题,包括一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。

★ 一般疑问句是用yes或no来回答的疑问句。

【考题再现】(2011·南通市·61)

The doctor asked the old man to stop smoking. (改为一般疑问句)

the doctor the old man to stop smoking?

【答案解析】答案:Did, ask。由原句为过去时态可知一般疑问句用Did提问,且原句中的动词asked要变为原形ask。

★ 特殊疑问句是就句子中某一部分提问的疑问句。它有两种结构:

特殊疑问词作主语或作主语的定语时,语序与陈述句一样。

【考题再现】(2011·重庆市·28) — is that man over there?

— He is Dicks uncle.

A. Where B. What C. Who D. Which

【答案解析】C。由答语 “他是迪克的叔叔”可推测上句是对人进行提问。本句中疑问词who在句中作主语,全句用的是陈述句语序。

特殊疑问词不作主语或主语的定语时,语序为:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。

【考题再现】(2011· 南京市·3) — do you watch TV every week?

— Less than two hours. I often have much homework to do.

A. How many B. How much

C. How long D. How often

【答案解析】C。题意:—你每周看多长时间的电视?—不到两个小时。我经常有很多作业要做。答语Less than two hours表示一段时间,故应使用特殊疑问词how long来提问。题中how long在句中作状语,语序为:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。

★ 选择疑问句是提供两种或两种以上情况问对方选择哪一种的疑问句。如:

Are you going to the cinema or the theatre?

★ 反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问的问句。

【考题再现】(2011·上海市·46) Your English teacher has never lost his temper, he?

A. has B. hasnt C. did D. didnt

【答案解析】A。该句时态为现在完成时,句中有否定词never,根据“前否后肯”的原则,答案选A。

3. 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求或建议等意义的句子。

【考题再现】(2011·乐山市·27)— keep water running when you are brushing your teeth or washing your hands, Jack.

— OK. I know we must save every drop(滴) of water.

A. Why not B. Please C. Dont

【答案解析】C。根据情境:当你刷牙或洗手时不要让水不停地流淌。祈使句的否定句用dont +动词原形,故选C。

4. 感叹句是用来表示说话人强烈的喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪的句子。它通常有两种结构:What +名词短语+主+谓!How +形/副+主+谓!

【考题再现】(2011·河北省·39)Look at the photo of the Smiths. happy they are!

A. How B. What C. How a D. What a

【答案解析】A。本题考查感叹句的用法。感叹句的结构为:What a/an+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!本题中的happy是形容词,应用how引导。故选A。

二、 根据句子的结构可以分为:简单句、复合句和并列句。

简单句是由一个主语或并列主语加一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。简单句有五大基本句型:

1. 主语+不及物动词(S+V)

在该句型中,有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等,句末常带有状语。如:We have been waiting for hours. 我们已经等了几个小时了。

2. 主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)

在该句型中,宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式、ving形式等充当。句子中有时含有状语。如:You can put the books in your bag. 你可以把这些书放在你的包里。

3. 主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)

在该句型中,表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式等充当。系动词有两类:一类是说明情况的,如be, look, feel, seem, taste, sound, smell 等;另一类是表示变化的,如become, get, turn, grow 等。

【考题再现】 (2011·上海市·35)The students from Xinjiang enjoy staying in our school because everyone is to them.

A. friendly B. gently C. happily D. politely

【答案解析】A。系动词is后接形容词构成系表结构,而选项B、C、D都是副词,故选A。

4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)

在该句型中,间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语,放在直接宾语之后,构成“主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语”的句型。如:Could you pass me the dictionary? = Could you pass the dictionary to me? 请你把字典递给我好吗?

They sang me a song. =They sang a song for me.他们给我唱了支歌。

★ 需在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有: give, show, send, bring, pass, lend, tell, teach 等;需在间接宾语前加for的常见动词有: make, buy, do, sing, cook等。

★ 如果直接宾语为人称代词宾格时,则只能用“主语 + 及物动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语” 的句型。如:Ill show it to my brother. 我要把它给我的弟弟看。

5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)

宾语补足语的作用是补充说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、动词不定式或介词短语等充当。如:Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室清洁。

She asked me to call Simon again. 她让我再给西蒙打个电话。

★ 使役动词make, let, have等后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:

He made me work twelve hours a day. 他让我一天工作12个小时。

★ 感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, find, notice 等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,也可接ving形式作宾语补足语。前者表示动作已经结束,后者表示动作正在进行。试比较:

I saw a girl get on the bus. 我看见一个女孩上车了。 (上车的动作已经结束)

I saw a girl getting on the bus. 我看见一个女孩正在上车。 (上车的动作正在进行)

【备考精练】

按要求转换句型

1. He does his homework in the evening, too. (改为否定句)

2. Alice has some tennis rackets. (改为一般疑问句)

3. They usually played basketball at school last year. (用in the park改为选择疑问句)

4. There was little milk in the glass just now. (改为反意疑问句)

5. He writes to his father once a month. (对划线部分提问)

6. The woman in red is Johns mother. (对划线部分提问)

7. It is interesting to send English messages to friends on a mobile phone. (改为感叹句)

interesting thing it is to send English messages to friends on a mobile phone!

8. Can you make me a kite in an hour? (改为同义句)

Keys:

1. He doesnt do his homework in the evening, either.

2. Does Alice have any tennis rackets?

3. Did they usually play basketball at school or in the park last year?

4. There was little milk in the glass just now, was there?

5. How often does he write to his father?

6. Which woman is Johns mother?

7. What an

8. Can you make a kite for me in an hour?

复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句组成。常见的从句有宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句。

一、 宾语从句

在复合句中作主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句考查的重点是:引导词、语序和时态。

1. 引导词

① that 引导宾语从句时,无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略,引导的宾语是完整的陈述句。如:I know (that) he is a Canadian athlete.

② whether / if 引导宾语从句时,whether或if在句中充当句子成分,意为“是否”,不可省略。

【考题再现】(2011·天津市·43)Well plant trees tomorrow, and I dont know Tom will come and join us.

A. if B. which C. what D. where

【答案解析】A。if意为“是否”;which意为“哪一个”;what意为“什么”;where意为“在哪里”。句意为“明天我们将要植树,我不知道汤姆是否来参加。”故选A。

③ what, when, where, how, why, who, whose, whom, which 等疑问副词、疑问代词引导宾语从句时,疑问副词和疑问代词本身具有一定的意义,在宾语从句中充当一定的成分,因此不可省略。

【考题再现】(2011·泰州市·15)— Could you tell me ?

— Its twenty minutes by underground.

A. how can I get to your school

B. how much it costs to get to your school

C. how far it is from your home to your school

D. how long does it take me to get to your school

【答案解析】C。题意:—你能告诉我从你家到学校有多远吗?—乘地铁20分钟路程。根据答句可知,是问多远的路程,故用how far。

2. 语序

在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句需用陈述句的语序。

【考题再现】(2011·淮安市·11)— Look at the girl with a pair of glasses over there. Can you tell me ?

— She is a nurse.

A. who is she B. who she is C. what is she D. what she is

【答案解析】D。宾语从句用陈述语序,先排除A,C。 根据答语“她是个护士”可知是对职业进行提问,因此要用“what”。

3. 宾语从句的时态

① 主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据实际需要使用各种时态。如:

【考题再现】(2011·北京市·35)— Do you know tomorrow?

— At 8 oclock.

A. when did she come B. when she came

C. when will she come D. when she will come

【答案解析】D。宾语从句要用陈述句语序,因此先排除A,C两项。主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要使用各种时态。根据时间状语tomorrow,本题要用一般将来时态,故选D。

② 主句谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句中的时态通常用过去时态的某一形式。

【考题再现】(2011·乌鲁木齐市·35)This morning my mother asked me .

A. why he is not here B. where Julia went last weekend

C. what time is it D. how did my brother do it

【答案解析】B。宾语从句的语序应为陈述语序,故D不正确;当主语是过去时时,从句要用过去某种时态,故A、C不正确。

③ 如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、客观真理,则无论主句时态如何,宾语从句中的时态都使用一般现在时。

【经典试题】(2007·潍坊市·30)

Our physics teacher told us light faster than sound last term.

A. travels B. travel C. traveled D. traveling

【答案解析】题意为“我们的物理老师告诉我们光的传播速度比声音的传播速度快”,宾语从句表示的是客观事实,故选A。

二、 状语从句

在复合句中,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据所表达的意思可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较和条件状语从句等类型。

1. 时间状语从句。引导词有when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as等。注意:在时间状语从句中, 当主句是将来时态时,从句要用一般现在时。

【考题再现】(2011·重庆市·34)Betty will ring me up when she in Beijing.

A. arrive B. arrives C. arrived D. will arrive

【答案解析】B。本题考查时间状语从句,如果主句和从句的动作都发生在将来,从句时态要用一般现在时表示将来。

2. 原因状语从句。引导词有because, as, since等。注意:汉语中,我们经常说“因为……所以……”,但是在英语中有了because, 就不能再用so。

【经典试题】(2007·沈阳市·11)The red suitcase is expensive its made of leather.

A. when B. if C. because D. though

【答案解析】C。题意为“这红色的手提箱很贵,因为它是皮革做的。”

3. 比较状语从句。以than, as … as为引导词。

【考题再现】(2011·苏州市·12)During this years Reading Week, I need the most books in our class. No one read than I.

A. many B. more C. few D. fewer

【答案解析】B。句意:在今年的阅读周中,我在我们班读书最多。没有人比我读的书更多。

4. 条件状语从句。以if, unless (=if not) 引导。注意:和时间状语从句一样,主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。

【考题再现】(2011·宿迁市·14)If there is any change to the plan, I you as soon as possible.

A. told B. have told C. tell D. will tell

【答案解析】D。If引导的条件状语从句,从句使用一般现在时,主句使用将来时。故用will tell。

5. 让步状语从句。引导词有though, although。注意:although, though不能和but连用。

【考题再现】(2011·南京市·6)They will try their best in the Dragon Boat Racing they may fail.

A. if B. although C. unless D. until

【答案解析】B。这里两个句子之间是让步关系,故选择连接让步状语从句的连词although。

6. 目的状语从句。引导词有so that, in order that等。

【考题再现】(2011·安徽省·48)Youd better take the map with you you wont get lost.

A. as long as B. as soon as C. now that D. so that

【答案解析】D。句意为:“你最好随身带个地图以便你不会迷路。”

7. 结果状语从句。引导词:so… that…, such… that…。

【考题再现】 (2011·临沂市·31)Zhou Libo is Shanghais favorite funny man. He is good at making people laugh. His lively shows were hot that tickets sold out in minutes.

A. very B. too C. such D. so

【答案解析】D。句型为so… that…, 意为“如此……以至于……”,so 用来修饰形容词或副词。such也构成这一句型,但such 用来修饰名词。

三、 定语从句

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句作定语时,位于先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词when, where, why等。

1. 关系代词的用法

① that 指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可省略。

【考题再现】(2011·杭州市·23) Who is the man is reading a book over there?

A. that B. which C. whose D. what

【答案解析】A。句意为:在那里读书的那个人是谁?由于本句的先行词为the man,所以常要用who或that。

② which 指物,不指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可省略。

【考题再现】(2011·嘉兴市·23)There will be a stamp show in the museum we visited last week.

A. who B. when C. which D. what

【答案解析】C。先行词是museum,是“物”,应该用关系代词which替代museum。

③ who指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可省略。

【考题再现】(2011·百色市·34)The policeman caught the thief has stolen Mr. Lis computer.

A. which B. whose C. whom D. who

【答案解析】D。先行词指人,关系代词在从句中作主语,所以要用主格。

④ whom 指人,为who 的宾格形式,在定语从句中只作宾语。

【考题再现】(2011·黄石市·29)— Do you know the kid with Bob is talking over there?

— Yes, its my cousin.

A. who B. that C. 不填 D. whom

【答案解析】D。定语从句修饰kid,kid是“人”且其关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以应用whom。

⑤ whose 指人或物,在从句中作定语。指物时常可用of which 替代。

【考题再现】(2011·天津市·44)John is the boy legs were badly hurt in the accident.

A. whose B. that C. who D. which

【答案解析】A。先行词the boy 是“人”,在定语从句中做legs的定语,所以应用关系代词whose。句意为“John是在事故中腿受伤很厉害的那个男孩。”

2. 关系副词的用法

① when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:I still remember the day when I first came to the Great Wall. 我还记得我第一次来长城的那天。

② where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。如:He used to work hard on the small farm where they lived. 他经常在他们所住的小农场辛勤劳动。

③ why 指原因,相当于for which, 在定语从句中作原因状语。如:Thats the reason why she spoke. 那就是她发言的原因。

【备考精练】

1. Please asked that woman she will go to see the play.

A. who B. what C. whether D. which

2. I dont know if it tomorrow. If it , I wont go out.

A. will rain, rains B. will rain, will rain C. rains, rains D. rains, will rain

3. She asked him .

A. where did he liveB. where does he liveC. where he livedD. he lived where

4. The girl asked the teacher .

A. what does the library look like B. what did the library look like

C. what the library look like D. what the library looked like

5. The little boy knew that the earth around the sun.

A. will go B. goes C. went D. would go

Keys:

1—5 CACDB

并列句是两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词(and, so, but, or等)连在一起而构成的句子。

1. 表示联合关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词and(和), not only… but also… (不但……而且……)等来连接,各分句之间是并列关系或顺承关系。and 一般不译出来。

【考题再现】(2011·重庆市·25)John, work hard you will make much progress.

A. or B. nor C. but D. and

【答案解析】D。or意为“否则,或者”;nor意为“不是”;but意为“但是”,表转折。由句意,“努力工作”和“你将取得更大进步”两者为顺承关系,故选D。

2. 表示转折关系的并列句

这类并列句常用but (但是;可是),yet (可是),while (而)等来连接,后面分句与前面分句之间有意义上的转折关系。

【考题再现】(2011·武汉市·32)— Where is Leo?He said he would come tonight!

— Yes, he did say so, we cant find him now.

A. and B. so C. but D. or

【答案解析】C。前后分句间是转折关系,表示他说来但是没来。

3. 表示因果关系的并列句

这类并列句常用连词so(因此,所以),for (因为)等连接,后面分句与前面分句之间有因果关系。

【考题再现】(2011·沈阳市·9)The box was too heavy for me to carry, I pulled it into my room.

A. so B. and C. but D. or

【答案解析】A。从句意“对我来说这个箱子太重了,我拿不动,所以我把它推到我的房间里了”,前后句表示因果关系,故答案为A。

4. 表示选择关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词or (否则,或者),either… or… (要么……要么……)等连接。

【考题再现】(2011·北京市·23)Hurry up, you will miss the plane.

A. and B. but C. so D. or

【答案解析】D。前句的意思是“快点”,后句是“你将错过飞机”,可以推断出此处应填or,表示“否则,要不然”的意思。

【备考精练】

1. The nurse doesnt feel well today, she still works very hard.

A. but B. and C. or D. then

2. Speak loudly, you are sure to speak good English.

A. but B. for C. and D. or

3. When youre learning a foreign language, use it, youll lose it.

A. and B. or C. but D. /

4. Work hard, youll pass the driving test.

A. or B. but C. because D. and

5. — Sam, you dont work hard at geography.

— My dad says that the world is changing every day, I decide to wait until it stops.

A. because B. while C. if D. so

Keys:1—5 ACBDD

题型介绍

单项选择题考查内容广泛,且主要从语法角度进行命题。所涉及的知识点主要分布在名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、连词、介词、时态、语态、词义辨析、语序、非谓语动词、从句及日常用语等方面。为在有限的题量中注意知识的覆盖面,试题往往设计特定的语境,综合考查学生在一定的语境中运用语言知识的能力。近年来的中考单项选择题主要有以下几个特点:

1. 语言点的考查关注基础知识和主干知识,无偏题怪题;

2. 语言点的覆盖面不再是追求的绝对目标;

3. 试题的情境设置科学合理,突出考查语言在真实语境中的运用。

解题指导

1. 明确考查的对象

通过阅读题干和选项,首先要明确试题所要考查的对象,这样才能够弄清试题所要考查的重点。譬如,名词主要考查可数名词和不可数名词的区分以及量的表达,可数名词的复数形式;动词重点考查时态、语态以及非谓语动词的形式;形容词和副词主要考查比较级等。

2. 寻找解题的思路

明确了考查对象,就可以根据考查的重点寻找解题的思路。一般而言,解答单项选择题有以下几种思路:

(1) 根据语法进行判断

由于单项选择题考查的重点主要是语法,很多试题是根据相关的语法知识直接命制的,因此解答这类试题可以结合题干中的关键词语,运用所掌握的语法知识进行分析判断。

例1 (2011年盐城卷)Mr. White came to our school in 2008, and since then he us English.

A. teaches B. taught C. has taught D. will teach

简析:根据时间短语since then可知后半句应用现在完成时,故选C。

例2 (2011年梧州卷)— I dont know if Mr. Li to the party this evening.

— I think he will come if he free.

A. will come; is B. will come; will be

C. comes; is D. comes; will be

简析:根据语法知识,第一空if引导的是宾语从句,根据时间状语this evening可知,要用一般将来时;第二空if引导的是条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。故选A。

(2) 根据语境进行推理

根据题干所要表达的意思,结合自己的生活体会等分析判断所留空白处缺少的内容。

例3 (2010年北京卷)— Would you like to go to the concert with me?

— Id love to, Im afraid I have no time.

A. so B. or C. and D. but

简析:答语中Im afraid I have no time和Id love to之间是转折关系,故选D。

例4 (2011年常州卷)— Would you like some fried rice?

— I would rather eat noodles have beef in them.

A. that B. than C. what D. as

简析:本题若不看语境,易误选B,因为考生对“would rather do A than do B(宁愿做事情A,而不愿事情B)”比较熟悉。事实上,根据语境,由问句“你喜欢吃炒饭吗?”可知,答句表示“我宁愿吃牛肉面”,that引导定语从句修饰noodles,故选A。

(3) 根据逻辑常识判断

根据我们在日常生活中积累的经验、掌握的道理、了解的事实、发生的大事等对试题进行分析判断。

例5 (2011年杭州卷)If H2 burns (燃烧) in O2, we can get .

A. H2 B. H2O C. O2 D. H2O2

简析:根据化学知识,氢气在氧气中燃烧,能得到水,故选B。

例6 (2011年宿迁卷)— Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?

— Im afraid we have no but to take a taxi.

A. decision B. choice C. advice D. reason

简析:decision意为“决定”;choice意为“选择”;advice意为“建议”;reason意为“理由”。根据题意“恐怕我们除了打的别无选择了”可知,选B。

(4) 根据固定搭配解题

根据某种句型的固定结构或短语的习惯搭配来分析判断选项正确与否。

例7 (2011年扬州卷)Its very friendly him to help me when Im in trouble.

A. for B. to C. of D. with

简析:本题考查“Its+adj.+of/for+sb.+to do sth.”句型。题中friendly表示人所具有的品质,要用介词of,故选C。

例8 (2011年天津卷)I some of my free time playing basketball for my school team.

A. spend B. cost C. take D. pay

简析:spend表示“花费时间或金钱”,主语通常是人,多用于“sb. spends time (in) doing sth.” 或“sb. spends money on sth.” 句型;cost表示“花费金钱”,其主语是物,常接双宾语;take意为“花费,占用”等,多指时间、金钱方面的花费,常用于“It takes sb. + 时间 / 金钱 + to do sth.”句型;pay意为“支付,付给(某人)钱”,一般侧重于花钱,主语只能是人,常用于“sb. pays money for sth.”句型。根据主语I和playing可知,本题选A。

(5) 通过意义辨析解题

通过辨别易混选项在词义和语法结构上的不同之处得出正确答案。

例9 (2011年无锡卷)Dont try to do everything at once. Take it a bit .

A. at times B. at that time C. at all times D. at a time

简析:at times意为“有时,偶尔”;at that time意为“在那时”;at all times意为“随时,总是”;at a time意为“每次,一次”。根据语境,选D。

例10 (2011年宿迁卷)You look quite tired. Youd better a good rest.

A. stop to have B. stop having C. to stop to have D. to stop having

简析:had better相当于情态动词,后跟动词原形,可排除C项和D项。stop to do sth. 意为“停下来去做另一件事”,stop doing sth. 意为“停止正在做的事情”。根据语境,选A。

3. 核查相关的答案

找到了具体思路,再结合语境,就已经基本确定了试题的答案。但是,我们知道,很多试题需要综合考虑分析,因为现在单纯考查语法项目的试题已经越来越少,大部分试题是语境和语法的结合,只有少量试题单纯考查语法或语意。因此,我们在做单项选择试题时要多分析、多比较,从不同的角度来确定答案,这样才能保证解题时万无一失。