杨建娣
摘要: 在国际商务谈判这一语境中正确应用语言,将语言表达和谈判语用策略二者有机结合,是提高国际商务谈判的成功率的关键。作者将分别阐述国际商务谈判中的委婉、模糊、得体和论辩的语用策略。
关键词: 国际商务谈判语用策略
国际商务是跨国界发生的活动,不可避免会受到谈判中文化差异的影响,商务谈判的成功与否在很大程度上取决于谈判过程中语言运用的策略的好坏。一般来讲,在国际商务谈判中语用策略的运用可分为三种类型:起积极作用的语用策略,起消极作用的语用策略和起均势作用的语用策略。笔者仅就在国际商务谈判中起积极作用的语用策略做分析。
一、委婉表达语用策略
在商务谈判中,由于时间、场合、气氛的不同,有些话不宜直接说出来,需要采取委婉、含蓄的表达方式,因为委婉表达能有效地缓和紧张的谈判气氛,打破僵局,摆脱窘迫、尴尬的局面和避免矛盾。委婉表达并不意味着说话者音调和态度的软弱。实际上,它对谈判双方都是一种有效的语用手段。
1.善用温和的言辞。
“温和”的对应词是“激烈”,两者措辞的区别在于,前者比较婉转、含蓄,而后者比较强烈、刺激。委婉表达的方法之一,就是在交际中避免过分强调自我或刺激对方,而应善用温和言辞。我们可以多用这类词语,如“Im afraid”,“We would say”,“It seems to me”等,使较强烈的措词转为温和的语言。再比如,如果你想拒绝对方的建议,就可以委婉地说:Im afraid we have conflicting views on the matter.如果我方认为对方的产品质量一般,但不好直说,我们就可以委婉地说:We know where you are about the quality of your products.
2.善用被动语态。
由于省略了施动者,被动语态的含义常常变得含糊。在商务谈判中,人们时常使用被动语态来避免直接批评对方。如:
例1a. Obviously,you made a very careless mistake here.
b. A very careless mistake was made here.
例2a. For the past three years,you did not place any order from us.
b. For the past three years,no order has been placed from us.
3.善用感情移入法。
在谈判中,设身处地理解对方,形成心理上的沟通,削弱对抗心理,从而使谈判的气氛发生微妙的变化;或使对方产生好感,渐受感动;或使对方心服口服,等等。这是一种以感情移入法的语用策略缓和气氛,减弱对立,淡化矛盾的方法。
例:a. We do not believe you will have cause for dissatisfaction.
b. We feel sure that you will be entirely satisfied.
4.善于提供“台阶”。
所谓提供“台阶”,实际上是给人“留面子”,要留面子,就要使用礼貌语言、委婉表达。留面子的语用目的,是要保持谈判双方的良好关系,使谈判在和平友好的气氛中进行,并顺利地实现谈判目的。从语言角度出发,留面子还是丢面子,关键在于谈判过程中是否采取和如何采取威胁面子的语言行为。如:
例1:We know where you are about the quality and quantity of your products.
例2:We approve of your plan on the whole,but we respectively represent interest of different companies,dont we?
例1中,讲话人心里认为对方的产品质量不行,但嘴里没直说,只是用了“where you are”做暗示。例2中,“on the whole”有不同意见之意,甚至包含拒绝。
二、模糊表达语用策略
模糊性是指一个词或一个概念所指范围的中心部分基本上确定,而外延界限不明确的属性。语言的模糊表达具有简洁性、概括性、灵活性等特点,它可以用来体现涉外谈判的高度周密和灵活性。涉外谈判中,通常会因某种原因不便或不愿把自己的真实思想暴露给别人,或在某些场合,会出现一些不能直答但又不能不答,或一时无法回答但又必须回答的问题,或为试探对方的意向,这时可以通过运用模糊的语言,即把输出的信息模糊化,避免过于确定,让谈判者进退自如,避免谈判陷入僵局,留下必要的回旋余地。
例:Your request for a 5% reduction in our price has received our attention and Ill put the matter before my manager for consideration. We would give you our reply as soon as possible.
这里,attention,consideration,as soon as possible 都没有明确的概念。这样就进可攻,退可守,使自己处于主动地位。
此外,我们还可以使用一些具有模糊性的词语if,perhaps,probably,maybe,seem,as if,Im afraid,It is said that,to some extent 等。如:The board of directors seems unable to solve it right now.
三、得体表述语用策略
由于对外交流与合作大都遵循着“实力政策”和“利益驱动”的基本机制运行,因此谈判双方所喜欢的是宣讲自己的优点、优势和所取得的成就等。话说过了头往往过激,而且咄咄逼人。为此,谈判双方应掌握如何表达优势的语用策略。低调处理是对说过头话的纠偏,它遵循了谦逊准则和礼貌策略。说话者尽量少赞誉自己,多赞誉别人。在商务谈判中,谈判双方应把握好得体有效的语用策略来表达自己的优势,以便取得更有成效的结果。
1.少用感叹语气。
在表述己方长处时,说话者不要神情得意,文字激昂,而要特别提高警惕,在语言表达上,少用感情色彩较浓的感叹句。如:
a. What an excellent performance of our equipment!
b. According to our end users,the performance of this equipment is excellent.
2.避免华丽辞藻。
在商务谈判中,华丽辞藻难以有可信性。如“最佳”,“一流”,“首屈一指”,“独一无二”等这一类夸饰的修饰语,过分地夸大和渲染,往往会增加对方的不信任,甚至引起反感。一般来说,用确切的数据或典型的事实能比较形象、准确地反映“优势”事物的本质。如:
a. This kind of lighter has good performance and can be used for a long time.
b. This kind of lighter can operate continually more than 40,000 times a piece.
3.淡化主观色彩。
在表述己方优势时,口口声声讲“我”、“我们”、“我们的”等,自做鉴定,自我评论,这种表述是不可取的。为此,宜用语言表达淡化,或变抽象为具体,或引用他人之语等,以淡化主观色彩、增强客观效果。如:
a. Our enterprise has been developing rapidly and well known in China and overseas. Our products are extremely welcomed by the customers.
b. Our factory,economic beneficial results have in fact been tripled in the last three years. Theres a special report about our factory carried in Beijing Review last month. You know,Beijing Review is weekly published in more than 20 languages and distributed to over 180 countries and regions. At present,a number of buyers especially name our factory as their only supplier,and were just worrying how to meet the needs of the customers at home and abroad.
四、论辩表达语用策略
论辩的关键在于“说”,在于“陈述”。陈述要明确,论据要充分,论证要有逻辑性,这是专业性论辩最基本的特征和要求。论辩的语用表达策略有多种,具体如下。
1.陈述得体,寓理于例。
谈判人员充分利用事实、例子等方法,得体地陈述其主题和要点,寓理于例,以理服人。下述例句中,讲话人对有人提出的“翻版”问题,给予得体的、有条有理的陈述,对对方的“指责”给予委婉的、但又有说服力的反驳。
“... if Im not mistaken,I understand what you asked in your question is about the problem of my Frequency Standards Configuration. To answer your question,Im afraid something must be stated here clearly:
Firstly,we have acknowledged... This is clearly indicated in my paper. Please see the Reference No. 3. And in my talk just now,I once again mentioned the reference.
Secondly,...
Thirdly,the proposal made by...
So,I dont quite understand what youre driving at by refurbished version. And I ...”
2.攻心为上,削弱对抗。
在论辩过程中,谈判人员设身处地理解对方,形成心理上的沟通,削弱对抗心理,从而使谈判的气氛发生变化。如:
I agree to what you said about the engineering schedule. But we are in the dry season now... You will be very much appreciated if you kindly ...
3.以退为进,有礼有节。
在商务谈判中,谈判人员常用一种己方以较小的退让来换取或促使对方较大让步的策略,即以退为进,有礼有节。如:
Well,lets give the matter further thought and discuss it latter. I agree to give up this item. But I hope you can cooperate with us in sponsoring two trainees. All right?
4.利用矛盾,区别对待。
所谓利用矛盾,指在论辩中,利用不同对手或对方人员之间的矛盾或竞争,或控制乙,或借甲攻乙,引导诸对手相互攀比、竞争,加强己方在交涉、谈判中地位和主动性。以下两个例子都利用了使对方与另一方相互竞争的心理,使己方处于比较有利的、有主动权的地位。
例1:Frankly speaking,the businessmen from America,Japan as well as from France are trying to contact us. But to us,we are going to compare commodities from different producers,treat them equally without discrimination,and choose among the best.
例2:At present,the products from Philip are attractive to us; but we are also very much interested in those from Matsushita. We hope that you can offer your competitive price.
5.强硬果断,针锋相对。
这是一种以比较强硬、果断的口吻,进行针锋相对的论辩策略。从以下例句中,我们可以看出这类言辞表达,态度比较强硬,带有刺激性和火药味,有咄咄逼人之势。如果这一策略运用得当,就可以加快处理事情的速度,在不少情况下是能够奏效的。然而,这种方法,也带有一定的冒险性,有时会僵化局面。因此,要在确有把握的情况下才采用这种策略,不可草率从事。
例1:Personally,this is our rock-bottom price,Mr. Green. Im afraid,it seems that we cant make any further concession.
例2:As the matter stands now,Im afraid what we can do is only up to here.
五、结语
在国际商务谈判中应尽可能把握好起积极作用的语用策略,以顺利达到谈判的目的。国际商务谈判融语言教学与国际商务为一体,注重学生的英语语言综合素质的培养和实际应用英语能力的培养,使学生具有运用英语进行国际商务交际的能力。同时,应开展有效的教学活动,有意识地把培养学生语用策略与学习新的外语知识结合起来,以培养出在实际工作中能灵活运用,适应商务需要的外语人才。
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