王永华,鲍征宇,曾键年,龚 敏,龚 鹏,马振东
(1.中国地质大学(武汉),湖北武汉 430074;2.成都地质矿产研究所,四川成都 610081)
钦-杭成矿带是扬子陆块东南缘与华南褶皱系之间的巨型多金属成矿带(杨明桂等,1997;贺菊瑞等,2005;胡肇荣等,2009),仅其中所发现的锑矿就占我国锑储量的87%(达80万吨以上)(张国林等,1998)。我国的十个大型锑矿有九个分布在此矿带,其中湖南锡矿山锑矿是目前世界上唯一的超大型锑矿。那么,如此大量的Sb元素聚集在该成矿带中,它们是从哪里来(源)?是什么成矿机制使它们富集(动)?它们的浓集空间位置在哪里(储)?这些都是矿床学家一直关心的问题。本文仅从锑元素的丰度及铅同位素组成的视角,来探讨钦-杭成矿带中锑元素的物质来源。
产于钦-杭成矿带中的华南巨型锑矿带,位于扬子陆块东南缘与华南褶皱系间的过渡带(图1)。锑矿床的主要赋矿层位有江南古陆的中-晚元古代的浅变质碎屑岩系、加里东期江南古陆边缘的残留洋盆,及海西-印支期裂谷盆地中的碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩建造(刘建明等,1998)。矿床具明显的层控性,矿体常呈似层状、层状产出。根据锑矿床的构造环境、赋矿地层、矿体产状、成矿元素组合及矿石类型等将钦-杭成矿带中锑矿床分为四种类型:沃溪式、龙山式、锡矿山式及晴隆式(谌锡霖等,1983;陈豫等,1984;乌家达等,1989;罗献林,1994;崔银亮,1995;张国林等,1998),见表1。
某成矿元素的含量在空间区域上的分布是一个标量场。元素含量在区域空间上的分布随地质历史的演化而变化,其变化之一是元素含量在区域空间上集中和分散的行为,这是是否发生成矿作用的标志。为此,了解锑元素在钦-杭成矿带区域空间上丰度特征,是探讨物质来源的重要基础。
首先从我国东部各构造单元的变质基底中Sb (As、Au、Hg)元素的丰度特征来看(鄢明才等,1997)(图2),挟持钦-杭成矿带的扬子陆块与华南褶皱系这两大构造单元的变质基底中的Sb等成矿元素丰度,明显高于其它构造单元,尤其是泥质类岩石(页岩、板岩、千枚岩、片岩等)。
其次,从马振东等(马振东等,1998;马振东等,1999)在江西修水县中-晚元古界双桥山群及震旦系测制的基岩地球化学剖面中Sb等元素在各类岩石中的含量特征来分析(见表2):
图1 钦-杭巨型锑矿带分布示意图(据刘建明等,1998;贺菊瑞等,2005修改)Fig.1 Sketch map showing distribution of the Qinzhou-hangzhou giant antimony metallogenic belt(modified from Liu et al.,1998 and He et al.,2005)I-扬子板块;I-1-上扬子板块;I-2-下扬子板块;I-3-浙西地块;I-4-江南古陆;I-5-右江印支褶皱带;II-华南褶皱系;II-1-华夏古陆;II-2-武夷-云开褶皱带;II-3-武功-褚广褶皱带;III-钦州湾-杭州湾结合带;IV-东南沿海中生代火山断陷带;V-大别地体;VI-新生代沉积拗陷;VI-1-杭州湾;VI-2-鄱阳湖;VI-3-洞庭湖;1-构造单元界线;2-断裂;3-钦-杭成矿带;4-矿床;5-省会I-Yangtze plate;I-1-Upper Yangtze plate;I-2-Lower Yangtze plate;I-3-West Zhejiang block;I-4-Jiangnan ancient block;I-5-Youjiang Indosinian folded belt;II-South China fold system;II-1-Cathaysia;II-2-Wuyi-Yunkai folded belt;II-3-Wugong-Zhuguang folded belt;III-Qinzhou Bay-Hangzhou Bay bonding zone;IV-Mesozoic volcanic faubltelt in Southeast coastal area;V-Dabie terrane;VI-Cenozoic sedimentary depression;VI-1-Hangzhou Bay;VI-2-Poyang Lake;VI-3-Dongting Lake;1-boundary of tectonic units;2-fault;3-Qinzhou-Hangzhou metallogenic belt;4-deposit;5-provincial capital
表1 钦-杭成矿带中锑矿床地质特征Table 1 Geological characteristics of Sb deposits in the Qinzhou-hangzhou metallogenic belt
图2 中国东部各构造单元泥质岩类Sb等元素丰度(单位:Au、Hg为10-9,As、Sb为10-6,原始数据来源于鄢明才等,1997)Fig.2 Abundance of Sb and other elements in pelitic rocks of tectonic units in East China(Unit:Au,Hg to 10-9,As,Sb to 10-6,the original data from Yan et al.,1997)
(1)Sb元素在基底各类岩石中均具有较高的丰度,是地壳丰度(0.2×10-6)的8~25倍,与世界沉积岩和中国东部沉积岩中同岩类的锑元素丰度相比,明显富集2~12倍;
(2)盖层震旦系继承了Sb元素的高丰度,尤其是在泥质岩(4.40×10-6)及硅质岩(2.60×10-6)中,基底和盖层间成矿元素的这种继承性,示踪着扬子陆块东南缘的生长历史及其后在大陆地壳的基底上演化的踪迹;
(3)据前人(马东升,2008)研究表明,除了基底成矿元素丰度显著偏高外,也发育Sb、Au成矿元素的区域亏损带和矿体旁侧的负异常。结合其它地球化学证据,认为锡矿山超大型锑矿床的成矿物质主要来源于湘中盆地的元古界基底;
从以上区域锑元素的丰度特征分析,钦-杭成矿带中的华南Sb矿带赋存于富锑的地球化学场(锑的丰度是地壳丰度的几倍~几十倍)中,它是扬子陆块与华南褶皱系之间多期多次作用的结果,是形成巨型锑矿床的有利条件。但仍不是决定因素,决定因素是Sb元素在初步富集的矿源层中有无活化、迁移、沉淀的物理化学机制,也就是Sb元素活化、迁移、沉淀的地质营力和赋存空间(“运”和“储”将另文论述)。
表2 江西修水双桥山群、震旦系各岩类中锑元素丰度Table 2 Abundance of Sb in various rocks of the Sinian and Shuangqiao Group at Xiushui,Jiangxi Province
对于矿床物质来源探讨的另一个有效途径是铅同位素示踪。根据普通铅的原理:在普通铅矿物(方铅矿、黄铁矿、钾长石等)形成以后,其铅同位素组成基本保持不变,能较好地反映普通铅矿物物源的U、Th、Pb丰度特征,为此常用来示踪物源。
众所周知,成矿元素浓集的直接物源,不外于岩浆源和沉积矿源层。用岩浆作用过程中形成的造岩矿物钾长石中微量铅(Pb2++Al3+→K++Si4+类质同像置换)同位素组成代表岩浆源。用矿源层中的似层状黄铁矿(其显微草莓状结构,黄铁矿Co/Ni>>1)代表沉积作用环境下的铅同位素组成。为此在矿区配套地采集各具代表性的普通铅矿物就能较客观地示踪成矿元素的物质来源。
前人(马振东等,1999)在对江西德安曾家垅锡多金属矿田各成矿元素的物源探讨中(图3),列出了在隐伏二云母碱长花岗岩接触带矽卡岩型锡矿床及其外围的震旦系中层状、似层状张十八铅锌矿的铅同位素组成(见表3)。从铅同位素组成特征来看,锡矿和铅锌矿明显有别,一个富放射成因铅,其206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb比值高,另一个贫放射成因铅,该比值相对较低。锡矿和二云母碱长花岗岩、铅锌矿和震旦系沉积黄铁矿铅同位素组成的两两对应的现象不是偶然的,而是示踪各自不同的源区,Sn元素主要来自二云母碱长花岗岩,而Pb、Zn(Ag)等矿质主要源于基底和赋矿围岩。
图3 曾家垅锡多金属矿田金属元素面状分带(据马振东等,1999)Fig.3 Planar zoning of metallic elements in the Zengjialong tin-polymetallic ore field (after Ma et al.,1999)1-Sn-As带(I);2-Ag-Pb-Zn带(II);3-Sb-Au带(III);4-FBa带(IV);5-隐伏花岗岩;6-花岗岩脉;7-分带线;8-地质界线;9-震旦系;10-寒武系;11-奥陶系1-Sn-As belt(I);2-Ag-Pb-Zn belt(II);3-Sb-Au belt(III);4-F-Ba belt(IV);5-hidden granite;6-granite dikes;7-zoning boundary;8-geological boundary;9-Sinian System;10-Cambrian System; 1 1-Ordovician System
江南古陆基底及其东南缘各时期沉积盆地中的沉积黄铁矿的铅同位素组成特征,反映了扬子陆块南缘各时期的沉积环境(马振东等,1996):
(1)中元古界泥砂岩质复理石建造中沉积黄铁矿的铅同位素组成较稳定,206Pb/204Pb:17.693~18.073,207Pb/204Pb:15.503~15.728,208Pb/204Pb: 37.918~38.388,代表了扬子陆块当时的物源环境,Th/U比值稳定在4.61~5.05之间;
(2)震旦纪扬子陆块南缘处于滨海相碎屑岩及大陆冰碛岩或冰水沉积环境,其物质来源主要来自中元古基底,为此其铅同位素组成(及Th/U比值)继承了基底物源的特征;
表3 江西曾家垅锡多金属矿田铅同位素组成Table 3 Lead isotope composition of the Zeng-Jialong tin-polymetallic ore field,Jiangxi Province
(3)至早寒武世江南古陆东南缘沉积环境发生了变化,为残留洋盆地,水体较深,含氧度很低,陆源易溶的(UO2)2+(铀铣)大量进入海盆,被碳泥质吸附,造成了寒武系的硅泥质岩、硅质岩普遍含较高的铀,为此放射成因的铅明显增大,206Pb/204Pb: 18.396~21.584,207Pb/204Pb:15.527~16.045,208Pb/204Pb:38.180~39.130,而Th/U比值下降为0.35~3.66。
以上讨论了江南古陆基底及其东南缘各时期盆地环境的铅同位素组成的演化特征,再结合赋存于其中的华南各类型的锑矿床的铅同位素组成(表4),可以用来对其矿质来源进行探讨。
(1)赋存于基底中-上元古界浅变质砂-板岩中的沃溪式锑(金)、锑矿其铅同位素组成相对稳定(Th/U比值4.5~5),属贫放射性成因铅同位素组成,206Pb/204Pb:17.539~18.481,207Pb/204Pb:15.536~15.739,208Pb/204Pb:38.027~38.999,与基底地层沉积黄铁矿铅同位素组成一致。
(2)龙山式锑(金)矿赋存在沉积盖层震旦系中,锑矿石的铅同位素组成以低放射性成因铅为主,206Pb/204Pb:17.022~17.997,207Pb/204Pb:15.426~15.745,208Pb/204Pb:37.651~38.233。但赋存于上震旦统湖北徐家山锑矿中有一组富铀放射性成因的矿石铅同位素组成,206Pb/204Pb:18.874~19.288 (平均19.104),207Pb/204Pb:15.708~15.805(平均15.745),208Pb/204Pb:38.642~39.001(平均38.793),其Th/U比值平均为3.57。
(3)无论是赋存于泥盆纪碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩中的锡矿山式锑矿床,还是贵州独山锑矿床,其矿石铅同位素组成比较复杂,明显可分为三组(图4):
①贫放射性成因组:206Pb/204Pb:17.723~17.851,207Pb/204Pb:15.504~15.583,208Pb/204Pb: 37.609~38.242(图4中A区域);
②富放射性成因组:206Pb/204Pb:18.636~18.874,207Pb/204Pb:15.682~15.818,208Pb/204Pb: 38.549~39.110(图4中C区域);
③过渡组:206Pb/204Pb:18.146~18.474,207Pb/204Pb:15.583~15.662,208Pb/204Pb:38.338~38.494(图4中B区域)。
表4 华南锑矿带中典型矿床铅同位素组成Table 4 Lead isotopic composition of typical deposits in the antimony metallogenic belt of South China
从以上各类型锑矿床矿石铅同位素组成的特征来看,随着赋矿围岩从基底到盖层(震旦系-泥盆系)的变化(表3),铅同位素组成由简单、稳定(贫放射性成因铅为主)到复杂、多变(富放射性成因铅同位素组成),这一特征与江南古陆基底及各时期沉积盆地的环境(制约物源)十分相似。这种趋势,不是偶然的,它示踪着锑成矿物质来源于江南古陆基底及盖层中各赋矿围岩。由于扬子陆块东南缘在各期构造—岩浆作用下(尤其是燕山晚期)(刘建明等,1998),无论是自下而上的深源成矿热卤水,还是自上而下经深部循环的大气降水,都从基底及盖层中各赋矿围岩内萃取经初步富集的锑等元素(马东升,2008),在一定的物理化学条件下,沉淀在层间裂隙、不整合面及构造裂隙中,形成了华南巨型锑矿带。
(1)钦-杭成矿带中无论是江南古陆基底还是盖层中各赋矿层位,均有较高的锑元素的丰度,比地壳克拉克值高1~2个数量级,它为形成华南锑矿带提供充足的物源条件;
(2)从江南古陆基底到盖层各盆地的沉积黄铁矿铅同位素组成与赋存于其中的各类锑矿床矿石铅铅同位素的变化特征来看,它们具有明显的相似性,这一信息示踪着锑等成矿元素的物源来自于江南古陆基底及其后演化的沉积盆地。
致谢 本文成文期间得到了成都地质矿产研究所和中国地质大学(武汉)地球化学研究所各位老师的大力帮助,在此一并表示衷心的感谢。
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