闫慧,吴永健
经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后抗血小板治疗是预防支架内血栓的基石,CURE[1]和CREDO[2]等多项大规模临床研究已确定了阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板的地位。但近年来,支架内再狭窄(RS)、氯吡格雷抵抗等问题日益突出,针对上述情况的研究也不断涌现出现。
西洛他唑是选择性磷酸二酯酶Ⅲ (PDE-3)抑制剂,1988年作为治疗慢性动脉闭塞症的药物在日本上市,1999年美国批准其用于治疗稳定性间歇性跛行。近年来研究显示,西洛他唑还可降低PCI术后支架内血栓的形成。本文将就西洛他唑在冠心病PCI术后抗血小板治疗方面进行综述。
西洛他唑通过抑制血小板内磷酸二酯酶活性,提高血小板内环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)的浓度,发挥抗血小板聚集和抗血栓的作用。其抗血小板作用于服药后6h起效,停药48h血小板功能即可恢复正常,标准剂量为100mg(bid)。在离体研究[3]中发现,西洛他唑能抑制由二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、胶原诱导的血小板初期和二期聚集反应;动物模型研究中也显示,西洛他唑能够明显抑制由电刺激、ADP和胶原诱导的血栓形成[4]。除此之外,西洛他唑还能明显抑制血小板的释放反应。Kariyazono等[3]对健康志愿者富含血小板的血浆给予西洛他唑处理后,发现血小板聚集受到明显抑制,血小板释放的P-选择素含量也明显下降;此外,西洛他唑还能抑制血栓素A2(TXA2)的形成和血小板第4因子的分泌。与其他的抗凝药相比[5],西洛他唑具有抗血小板作用快、可逆、不延长出血时间等优点。
PCI术后血小板激活、血管内皮完整性破坏导致内皮下基质暴露、急性期冠状动脉血管弹性收缩、急性期后血管平滑肌细胞增殖等多种危险因素,都会导致术后RS的发生。基础实验表明,西洛他唑除能够抗血小板黏附、聚集外,还具有扩张血管[6],抑制血管内膜增生[7],抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖[8],降低甘油三酯及提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[9],抑制炎症反应[10]等作用,从而抑制RS发生和发展。
近年来研究显示,与经典双重抗血小板相比,加用西洛他唑的三联抗血小板治疗可明显降低PCI术后支架内血栓形成[11]和RS。Lee等[11]通过观察不同治疗组PCI术后30天支架内血栓的发生率,发现三联组支架内血栓发生率明显低于双联组(0.1% vs. 0.5%,P=0.024)。Declare[12]及Declare-long II[13]研究结果显示,三联抗血小板治疗可显著降低支架内RS发生率及主要不良心脏事件,且不显著增加出血事件[14,15],降低长(佐他莫司药物洗脱支架)支架术后的晚期管腔丢失、内膜增生百分比以及术后1年的靶病变血运重建率[13]。最新荟萃分析[16]显示,三联抗血小板治疗,虽未显著降低PCI术后第一个月的靶病变血运重建(TLR)和靶血管血运重建(TVR)的发生率,但可降低PCI术后6~12个月TLR和TVR的发生率。
糖尿病(DM)患者是支架术后再狭窄的高危人群。早年Park[17]发现,与氯吡格雷比较,西洛他唑在防治支架置入后RS方面并无优势,但对于合并DM患者,应用西洛他唑的RS率及支架内RS率却显著低于氯吡格雷。Declare-diabetes研究[18]发现合并DM的患者接受DES支架置入后,术后三联治疗6个月,能够更好地降低RS发生率及管腔丢失程度。在北美进行的多中心CREST研究[19]显示,PCI术后6个月,西洛他唑组的RS发生率明显低于安慰剂组(22% vs. 34.5%,P=0.002);而在DM患者中,西洛他唑组的RS发生率由37.7%降至17.7%,可谓“奇迹般的变化”。
氯吡格雷是目前临床应用的主要抗血小板药物,然而对氯吡格雷的治疗反应低下却可导致支架内血栓风险大大增加,30天和3年的死亡率或ST段抬高型心肌梗死的复发风险也显著增加[20]。目前可根据实验室指标筛选出高危患者,给予针对性强化治疗,包括增加氯吡格雷剂量和联合应用作用机理不同的药物进行治疗。
ACCEL-RESISTANCE[21]研究共入选了60例氯吡格雷抵抗的患者,随机接受双联抗血小板阿司匹林100mg/d+氯吡格雷150mg/d或三联抗血小板(阿司匹林100mg/d+氯吡格雷75mg/d+西洛他唑200mg/d)治疗。该项结果显示,三联组采用5μmol/L ADP诱导抑制的最大血小板聚集率(Aggmax)和残余血小板聚集率(Agglate)均显著高于双联组[Aggmax:(51.1±22.5)% vs.(28.0±18.5)%,P<0.001;Agglate :(70.9±27.3)% vs. (45.3±23.4)%,P<0.001],通过测定P2Y12受体活性发现三联组血小板抑制率更高[(39.6±24.1)% vs. (23.1±29.9)%,P=0.022]。韩国HOST-ASSURE试验[22]显示,PCI后患者接受三联抗血小板治疗[阿司匹林100 mg/d+氯吡格雷75 mg/d+西洛他唑(100 mg,bid)]疗效不劣于氯吡格雷剂量翻倍的双联抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林100 mg/d+氯吡格雷150 mg/d),两组主要终点(净临床转归事件率1.2% vs. 1.4%,非劣效性P<0.001)及各项次要终点(包括心血管死亡、非致死性心梗、支架血栓形成、卒中、PLATO定义的主要出血)均相似,采用P2Y12反应单位(PRUs)测量治疗后血小板的反应,无论是治疗后(12~24)h,还是治疗后30天,三联组血小板活性均显著降低。Hwang 等[23]发现,三联抗血小板治疗可持续抑制血小板聚集,尤其是携带遗传等位基因(可能导致氯吡格雷低反应)的患者。现已知氯吡格雷低反应性与CYP2C19基因多态性相关,西洛他唑不受CYP2C19的影响[24],而这可能部分解释了加用西洛他唑能够提高血小板抑制率,降低支架内血栓风险的原因[21]。
西洛他唑最常见的副作用包括皮疹、胃肠道不适、头痛、心动过速、心悸和腹泻等,由于西洛他唑的副作用导致停药的比率接近15%。此外,西洛他唑还可能导致充血性心力衰竭[25],慢性肝病、肝硬化患者死亡风险增加[26]。目前,有关西洛他唑的临床研究多在亚洲国家进行,欧美冠心病指南中尚没有对西洛他唑的推荐。存在氯吡格雷抵抗的患者PCI术后可以考虑用西洛他唑替代,对于DM患者,PCI术后在常规双联抗血小板基础上加用西洛他唑也许也是另外一种选择。
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