英语阅读课教学“五字法”

周绍全

(湖北省宜都市第二高级中学)

英语阅读课教学“五字法”

周绍全

(湖北省宜都市第二高级中学)

阅读是英语学习中每一个英语学习者，特别是中学生长期要面对的一个难题，阅读水平的提高有赖于在老师的指导下进行长期的、科学的训练。因此，阅读课教学在中学英语教学中显得尤为重要。本文拟从阅读课教学“看、读、品、意、精”等五个方面对如何培养学生阅读水平进行简要探讨。

阅读 阅读课教学 “看，读，品，意，精”

阅读是一种积极主动地吸收、思考、理解、接受信息和反馈信息的过程，也是一种复杂的智力活动。高中英语教学大纲指出“在高中英语教学中，听、说、读、写要进行综合训练，在进一步提高听、说、写的能力的同时，侧重培养阅读能力。阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于扩大词汇量，丰富语言知识，了解英语国家的社会文化背景。”培养学生的阅读理解能力可分三个层次：表层理解、深层理解和评价性理解。表层理解是培养学生对文章表面信息的把握；深层理解是引导学生通过联想、推理、归纳等思维活动对文章主题或一章节进行进一步的理解；而评价性理解建立在从整体角度对课文深层理解的基础上，旨在引导学生联系社会实际或自身生活，对某一相关话题进行讨论，使学生进行发散性、创造性思维。

长期以来，英语阅读课教学一直困扰着我们的英语教学。阅读课教学的成败直接关系到高考质量。随着新课程标准及新教材的颁布实施，高考阅读量的增加和难度的提高，英语阅读课教学变得尤为重要。笔者在长期的英语教学实践中，根据英语教学的特点以及学生实际，逐步总结出“看（skimming），读（reading），品（swallowing），意（paraphrasing），精（getting）”五字阅读方法。

1.看（skimming），即对某一篇文章进行快速阅读，了解文章大意，并能够用简单的话语陈述文章的梗概。以人教版高中英语第三册 Unit 1中阅读文章 “That Must be a record”的第二段为例：

More than 60,000 new records are sent in to the book each year,but they cannot all be printed.Instead,the editors of the book set down the records and keep track of them in other ways.The records are put into different categories.The Guinness Book of World Records has chapters on the human body,amazing feats,the natural world,science and technology,arts and the media,modern society,traveland transport,and sports and games. You can learn that the oldest person isawomanwho lived to be 122 years and 164 days, that the longestmoustache reached a length of 1.6 metres and that the longest poisonous snake is 5.71 metres long.There are also strange records,like the Englishman who balanced a small carweighing 159.6 kilogrammes on his head for thirty-three seconds!同学们经过Skimming，可以概括出这样几点：

① 60，000 new records each year，but not all are printed；

② different categories，covering almost all fields；

③ from the book we can get a lot of knowledge.

这样，既训练了同学们快速阅读、语言领会归纳能力，同时也提高了他们阅读的兴趣和语言感知能力。这当然是一个长期的、艰难的过程，但也是阅读习惯养成的过程，“世上无难事，只怕有心人”。

2.读（reading），即在阅读的过程中紧紧抓住文章每一段的重点词、中心句，对文章进行整体理解。以人教版高三教材Unit 11中的一段为例：

“The story of Li Yonghong is not exceptional.Life at high school is the time to find outnotonlywhatwe are really good at,butalsowhatwe really want.It is not always easy to discover our strengths while we are still at school.Many people tend to listen to their parents or to their teacherswho often have expectations thatare hard to live up to.The ideal for many people at that age is to go to university, but isgoing to university really the ideal career formostpeople?”

透过文章的结构，同学们通过仔细阅读，慢慢体会到英语文章段落的规律：一个段落基本上遵循的是“中心句＋支撑句＋结尾句（总结）”。像本段内容中心句确立之后，不难看出其后的几句均为支撑句，最后一句The ideal formany people at that age is to go to university,but is going to university really the ideal career formostpeople?为结尾句。又如：

We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.In addition，it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases.It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.

这是一个典型的段落，写作思路非常明确：

中心句：We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit，because it causes health problems.

支撑句：①Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.②It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases.

结论句：It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.

从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题 ：What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause？随后的两个支撑句回答了这个问题，结论句总结了支撑句并再一次强调主题句。这样训练的目的是使学生有意识地通过阅读提高语言的应用水平，特别是提高英语写作能力。

3.品（chewing），即通过对文章的整体理解，尝试写出文章的中心内容，并背诵文章的某些精彩句子和段落。英国著名政论家Francis Bacon说过：“Some books are to be tasted,others are to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested”。有些阅读内容是一读而过，安心补脑，而有些经典句子，经典段落则是回味无穷的，需要我们反复chewing，从而提高我们的阅读品位和鉴赏能力。以人教版高三英语教材Unit 15中的“Popular Youth Culture”最后两段为例：

It has become quite common now to distinguish various people’s different talents or“intelligences”,and accept their influence on human functioning.People have different personality types,and connected to these types are different learning styles.Schools and universities tend to serve people whose mental, intellectual type is strongest.People whose learning style is to try,experiment and find their way through hands-on experience,often find that school life does not accommodate their learning style.

These characteristics combine in unique ways in each person,forming personality types,each made up of different inner processes and ways of functioning in the world.It is important to recognize that each personality type is of equal value.No “way of being”is better than another.Each offers gifts and processes that complement the others,contributing in a unique way to the qualitative functioning of the whole,whether the“whole”is a team,a class,a family or a society.

为什么选用这两段呢？因为在这些段落中包含了大量的经典句子和重要结构。比如，同学们通过反复朗读和品味这两段内容，可以体会下列东西。

⑴ 重要结构：

①It is important to...

②Ithasbecome quite common now to...

③each personality type isofequalvalue.

④ be collected to...

⑤in a unique way,etc

⑵ 经典句子：

① People have different personality types,and connected to these types are different learning styles.

② Each offers gifts and processes that complement the others,contributing in a unique way to the qualitative functioning of the whole,whether the“whole”is a team,a class, a family or a society.

4.意（paraphrasing），即能够对文章中出现的某些难句或词组通过自己的理解用自己所学过的语言进行简单的释意。以人教版高二英语第七单元Integrating Skills中The Day My Life Ended...And Began！为例，文中有这样几句话：① I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that life was going to end.② There were days when I wish Iwere dead so that Iwould not have to feel to sick.③ On the contrary,I now feel as if thatwaswhen my life really began.要求学生根据文章的内容用自己的话来解释说明这三句，句式，词汇不限。那么学生通过认真阅读课文，可能写出下列释义（paraphrase）：

① I remembered,when the docter told me that Ihad cancer,I felt empty in my mind and thought that Iwas going to die.

② When I was in hospital,especially when I received the treatment with radiation and chemicals,I felt a deadly sick.Sometimes what Iwanted to do then was a quick death, maybe thatwasmy best choice.

③ At first,I thought Iwas going to die. Butwith the help of the docters and advanced treatment,especially my confidence,I survive the disease surprisingly.Inow feel that Ihave started my second life.

这样，学生们经过长期训练，阅读能力会发生质的飞跃，一方面可以巩固、扩大词汇量，另一方面可使学生走出英语学习死记硬背、一词一义的误区，灵活运用语言知识，逐步改变哑巴英语的状况。

5.精（language-getting），即从所阅读的文章中习得语言知识，掌握某些词和词组（idiomatics），为我所用。语言学习最关键的一环，或者说语言学习的目的是运用所学语言进行交际活动，高中英语教学大纲也明确指出“培养在口头上和书面上初步运用英语进行交际的能力，侧重培养阅读能力，并使学生获得一定的自学能力……”为什么现在很多学生看不懂除了教科书以外的文章？其根本原因是英语习惯表达掌握太少，想当然的多。前几年出现的peoplemountain,people sea（人山人海）；Letme see see（让我瞧瞧）；Long time no see（好久不见），等，有趣的是，后者的中文表达方式居然被英语辞书收入！仍以人教版高三英语教材Unit 13中Themystery of the Moon的最后一段为例：

Despite the hard work required of them, servants were paid very little,and there were some familieswho treated their servants badly. However,in many houses the servants had great affection for the “upstairs”family,and felt part of a “downstairs”family too.Most servants had a safe environment to work in, plenty of food and a clean bed to sleep in.This was very different from the dirt and poverty that thousands of unemployed people were living in at the time.Itwas also different from the dangerous conditions in many of the factories. In fact,a lot of people thought thatworking as a servant for a kind familywasa good job.

要求学生在阅读的时候关注文章的惯用语（idiomatic ways），找出并运用这些结构造句，增强对语言的感知能力，所谓举一反三，达到灵活使用的目的。在这段文章中，学生可能找出如下结构并尝试写出一些句子：

①Despite（尽管）：Despite the fact that hewas ill，he stillwent to school every day.

② treated sb badly （虐待）：He often treated his parents badly.

③ have great affection for (喜欢)She has great affection for English.

④ work as(当、作为）Twenty years ago, he worked as a teacher in a poor village.

总之，阅读能力的提高是一个长期探索的过程，需要勇气和信心，对于教师来说更需要耐心。教学过程中要注重引导学生培养良好的阅读习惯，始终关注学生阅读过程中表现出来的不良倾向。同时，学生阅读的过程也是教师自身能力提高的过程。

[1]《全日制普通高级中学教科书（必修）英语》第二册（上），2004年6月第一版，人民教育出版社；

[2]《全日制普通高级中学教科书（必修）英语》第三册，2005年6月第一版，人民教育出版社；

[3]中华人民共和国全日制普通高级中学《英语教学大纲》（实验修订版），2000年10月第二版，人民教育出版社。

这篇阅读的内容是介绍北京中关村的基本情况以及一些创业者的典型示例，本段观点是中学阶段是理想形成的重要时期。要求学生找出段落的中心句以及重点词汇。

Key sentence：Life at high school is the time to find out not only what we are really good at,but also whatwe really want.

exceptional，strengths，expectations，ideal，etc。