让词汇教学渗透在英语阅读课堂中

蔡剑媚

(广东省中山市第二中学)

一、理论依据

普通高级中学《英语新课程标准》明确规定了对语言知识所应该掌握的目标，“基础教育阶段学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五方面的内容”。新课标要求普通高中毕业生达到八级目标，其中对词汇的要求是：（1）运用词汇理解和表达不同的功能、意图和态度等；（2）运用词汇描述比较复杂的事物、行为和特征，说明概念等；（3）学会使用3000个单词和400～500个习惯用语或固定搭配。在高中的英语课堂中，阅读课型占了英语课堂的大部分时间。在阅读教学上，许多老师都遵循了“头脑风暴，导入新课——快速阅读，回答问题——细读课文，抓住信息-小组讨论，“代表发言”这一模式授课，一味强调阅读能力，忽视词汇教学，造成学生对长难句不理解，一篇课文学习完毕，学生未能对本课的生词有印象，严重影响了词汇的积累，对语言综合技能的发展产生严重的障碍。笔者认为教师应该发挥教学课堂这一主渠道，让词汇教学渗透在英语阅读课堂中。

二、教学实践

紧紧围绕阅读主题，利用课文提供的丰富的语言材料，设计多种形式的词汇联系，让学生在学中做，在做中学，以达到:（1）扫除阅读障碍，更准确地理解课文和把握信息；（2）通过语境让学生了解新词汇复习旧词汇，达到巩固和积累词汇的目的；（3）培养学生观察语言现象，注重英语词汇的正确使用，培养语言的综合技能。

1.用英语释义（paraphrase）新词,培养英语思维的习惯。

例如在教Unit 1 Friendship（人教版必修模块1）时，笔者对有关的新词做如下释义：“I don’t want to ①set down ②a series of facts in a diary as most people do,...” ＝ “I don’t want to①write down ②a number of things that happen one after another in a diary as most people do,...”

A night the earth didn’t sleep Before the earthquake(paragraph 1)During the earthquake(paragraphs 2-3)1.The water in the(1)rose and fell.2.Chickens and pigs were too nervous to eat,mice ran out of the fields and fish jumped out of the ponds.3.People saw (2)in the sky and heard the sound of planes and the water(3)in some buildings cracked and(4).1.At 3:42 am everything began to shake.Then later that afternoon,another big （5） shook Tangshan.2.The large city lay(6).Two thirds of the people were killed or(7).3.Some of the rescue workers and doctors were(8)under the ruins.After the earthquake(paragraph 4)1.The army sent soldiers to help the (9)workers.2.Workers built(10)for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

2.在细读课文的过程中，填写信息词，获取更多的信息。

例如，在 Unit 4 Earthquake（必修 1）的课 文 ANIGHTTHEEARTHDIDN’T SLEEP,课文描述了地震前，地震中和地震后的情况，涉及到许多生词，在给学生梳理课文脉络的同时，要求学生细读课文，查找并填写描述地震的一些信息词，这些词也是本课的新词汇。

(Keys：1.wells,2.bright light,3.pipes,4.burst,5.quake,6.in ruins,7.injured,8.trapped,9.rescue,10.shelters)

3.对课文改写设空，使学生进一步理解课文，并在语境中进一步领悟新词的意义和用法。

例如，笔者对Unit 2 The Olympic Games（必修2）课文AN INTERVIEW 改写并设置10个所学新词进行填空。

The text is about an interview about the development of Olympic Games between Pausanias,a(1)writer and Li Yan,a (2)for the 2008 Olympic Games.The ancient Olympic Games began in “Ancient(3)”.The modern Olympic Games,including Winter and Summer Games,are held every four years on a(4)basis.Unlike ancient Olympic,in which no(5)and women were allowed to join,in modern Olympic Games,(6)who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be (7)as competitors.(8),it is a great(9)but also a great honor for Beijing to have been chosen to(10)the Olympic Games in 2008.

(Keys：1.Greek,2.volunteer,3.Greece,4.regular,5.slaves,6.athletes,7.admitted,8.Nowadays,9.responsibility,10.host)

4.课文理解后，提供新词，要求学生复述课文，训练学生口、笔头的表达能力。

例如，教授 Unit 3 Travel journal(必修2)要求学生复述或改写JOURNEY DOWN THE NEKONG这篇课文，字数要求在100左右，提供学生如下新词：

ever since,persuade,cycling,graduate from,the schedule for,organize,determined,care about,make up one’s mind,change one’s mind,give in,be fond of,stubborn,care about,journey,finally

（范例：Wangkun and Wangwei have been fond of cycling and dreaming of making a bike trip ever since middle school.After they graduated from college,Wangkun was persuaded to buy a mountain bike,and they made a schedule for the journey down the Mekong River.Wangweiinsisted on organizing the trip.Wangkun was a little worried,because Wanyan didn’t care about details.However,Wangkun knew he couldn’t make her change her mind,for she was very stubborn.Finally,Wangkun gave in.They looked up much information for the trip;though it was no easy trip,they were determined to go and they made up their mind to have fun in the trip.）

5.展示图片，提供新词，让学生造句，巩固新词。

例如：Unit 6 Health problems(选修 6)中的新词，看图说话的训练。

1.be accustomed to,

2.be addicted to,quit

3.athletes,breathless,manage to do

4.unfit,due to

(参考例句：1.The couple are accustomed to the life here.2.He is addicted to smoking,so it is tough for him to quit it.3.The athletes are breathless now,but they will manage to reach the finishing line.4.The boy is unfit,which is due to his unhealthy diet.)

6.小组讨论，用所给单词编故事。

仍以 Unit 6 Health problems(选修 6)为例，按以下要求训练学生。

Form a group of four,have a discussion and make up a short story using as many of the words or expressions below as possible.

tough,adolescence,unfit,automatically,mentally,quit,pregnant,abnormal,breathless,strengthen,desperate,disappointed,be due to,be accustomed to,feel like doing,be addicted to,manage to,decide on

每个学生都参与讨论，发挥想象，编写故事。尽管有些故事非常离奇古怪，但是训练学生使用的词汇已经达到，学生在编写的过程中学会使用了词汇，并且还可以在相互欣赏故事中纠正自己的错误，或者学习更好的用法，效果非常好。

7.提供词汇和话题，要求学生仿写课文。

例如：在教 Unit 4 Earthquake（必修 1），四川汶川正好发生了大地震，笔者让学生仿照课文，写一篇有关汶川地震的报道。尽量使用所学词汇：

event,earthquake,shake,kill,injure,destroy,rescue,shock,disaster,bury,dig out,shelter,suffering,extreme,tens of thousands of,electricity,

(范 例 ：An 8.0-magnitude earthquake shook Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province at 2:28 pm on May 12,2008.The whole nation was shocked at the disaster.The whole county was badly destroyed;the houses and roads were useless;electricity was cut off.Tens of thousands of people were killed or injured.The suffering of the people was extreme.

Soon after the quakes,soldiers and rescue workers were sent to the quake-hit areas to help the people there.The army made their efforts to dig out those who were trapped or buried by the quakes.Workers and soldiers built shelters for the survivors whose homes had been destroyed.With the help of the whole nation,the people in quake-hit areas will get over the difficulty.)

让词汇教学渗透在英语阅读课堂中，首先要求我们老师要改变我们的教学理念，将词汇教学与阅读能力培养艺术地结合起来。其次，要求我们教师在课堂上多想办法让学生更多地接触词汇，训练词汇，巩固词汇，提高学生词汇知识水平，让他们愉快地徜徉在阅读的海洋中，享受英语阅读的乐趣。

[1]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准[M].北京师范大学出版社，2001.