张功林,葛宝丰
(甘肃省兰州军区总医院骨科研究所,甘肃 兰州 730050)
近年来,以穿支为基础的皮瓣在临床应用与解剖学研究发展较快,其定义是皮瓣由肌皮穿支供养,切取时不连带其下肌肉,这是由传统的肌皮瓣逐渐发展而来的[1]。典型的穿支皮瓣有:a)腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣;b)臀上动脉穿支皮瓣;c)胸背动脉穿支皮瓣等[2~5]。根据解剖和临床研究,有学者又提出应用腓肠内侧动脉的 1个肌皮穿支为血供切取皮瓣,形成腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣 ,可行带蒂转移或游离移植[1,6]。这是近年来较新的穿支皮瓣供区,在临床的应用逐渐增多,本文就近几年国外在这方面的进展进行综述。
如果将腓肠肌内侧头按Ⅰ型肌肉(单源血供)分类 ,有作者提出,切取穿支皮瓣时若将整个腓肠内侧动脉切取后,有发生腓肠肌内侧头坏死的可能。近年来的解剖学研究表明,该肌肉为Ⅱ型(多源血供),有多个血供来源:a)25%的标本在近端有第二个血管蒂。b)腓肠肌内侧头与外侧头之间有交通支。c)胫后动脉有分支至腓肠肌内侧头。d)腓动脉也有分支供给其血运。因此,整个腓肠内侧动脉切取后,不会发生腓肠肌内侧头缺血坏死[1]。
取平卧位,膝与髋关节稍屈曲并外展外旋。也有作者主张采用俯卧位[11],这种体位更有利于血管解剖,游离好皮瓣后再改换成侧卧位或平卧位修复受区创面。先用超生多普勒在距皱褶10~ 17 cm,距后正中线 2~ 5 cm范围内探测腓肠内侧动脉的肌皮穿支,多数为 1~ 4支,选择较大的一支为皮瓣中心点,比受区创面稍大设计皮瓣,在充气止血带下手术,但可不驱血,有利于术中辨认肌皮血管穿支。先切开皮瓣内侧缘至腓肠肌内侧头肌膜下,提起皮瓣创缘,很容易发现穿支血管经腓肠肌内侧头穿出后,垂直进入深筋膜至皮肤。确定至皮瓣的穿支后,再次确定穿支至皮瓣的位置,以确保皮瓣与血管蒂相连。为增加血管蒂的有效长度,应将皮瓣稍向远侧设计,将穿支血管置于皮瓣上半部[1,6]。然后顺血管穿支,纵行分开肌肉,向腓肠内侧动脉解剖,用双极电凝处理沿途至肌肉的细小分支,为防止在解剖中误伤血管蒂,可连带少许肌肉在血管蒂上,一旦游离出的血管蒂达到受区要求后,再切开皮瓣四周。放松止血带,观察皮瓣血运良好后可断蒂或经皮下隧道转移到受区。但应注意皮瓣充盈时间要比其他类型的皮瓣较长,可能与蒂长、血管痉挛有关。供区缺损小于 5cm时,可直接缝合,否则需行游离植皮修复供区创面[11~13]。
以腓肠内侧动脉为血供的腓肠肌肌瓣或肌皮瓣在临床应用近 30年,其主要的缺点是需切取肌肉,对供区有一定的损伤,且较臃肿。利用腓肠内侧动脉的肌皮穿支作为穿支皮瓣切取,由于不牺牲肌肉,扩大了手术适应证,主要优点有[1,6~9,14]:a)腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣,血运丰富 ,血管穿支较恒定;b)由于血管蒂从肌肉中解剖出,不连带肌肉,不牺牲肌肉功能,不损伤其运动神经。从理论上讲,由于保留了肌肉,且在切取腓肠动脉穿支皮瓣过程中,不损伤肌肉近端血供,日后还允许再行腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣或肌皮瓣移植;c)皮瓣较薄,修复后的外形较好,适宜修复足背及手背的软组织缺损;d)该皮瓣可连带腓肠内侧皮神经或隐神经,可用于足负重面的修复;e)由于血管蒂长,带蒂转移是修复膝关节周围或小腿中、上段软组织缺损的理想方法;f)用于游离移植时,利用血管蒂长的特点,血管吻合部位可远离受区损伤部位或放射性损伤区;g)不牺牲肢体主要血管,因而可以从伤肢或伴有血管损伤的肢体切取皮瓣;h)受区为足或小腿时,可在一个手术野由一组人员操作,既省时也节省人力与物力。由于创伤小,修复后的外形明显优于传统的腓肠肌内侧头或比目鱼肌肌瓣局部转移的术式[15~17]。
对于儿童与女性患者,该皮瓣仍觉偏厚;切取面积有限,不适宜较大创面修复;供区植皮后外形不满意是其缺点。对供区外形要求高者可作为筋膜瓣切取[14~16],这样局部仅为一线性切口线。穿支需从肌肉内解剖出,对术者的操作要求高是该术式的另一缺点。但这一缺点可经训练有素的医生与得力的助手而解决,在文献中尚未见解剖中损伤穿支血管而中止手术的报道。不少作者认为,这是一处很有特色的新的皮瓣供区[1,6,10]。
腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的一个优点是,能从肌肉中解剖出较长的血管蒂,长度可达 10~17 cm,利用这一特点,可使带蒂皮瓣到达胫骨上 3/4、窝和膝关节[1,6,14~17]。 因而 ,腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣行带蒂转移修复上述部位软组织缺损是最好的适应证,在选择术式时,优先考虑该术式,可作为传统的腓肠肌肌皮瓣或肌瓣以及比目鱼肌肌瓣的替代手术[18~20]。但是血管蒂的长度有限,不适宜修复小腿远侧 1/3软组织缺损。尽管小腿后侧皮瓣较薄,但从事体力劳动者仍较厚,因为供区不隐蔽,植皮修复后的外观不甚满意。用于吻合血管移植时,所切取的面积有限,不作为首选。作为小皮瓣切取,仍是较好的皮瓣供区。用于修复同侧足部软组织缺损,由于同一手术野,皮瓣血管蒂也较长,操作相对方便,因而,吻合血管移植应限制在下肢[21~24]。
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