高中英语语法系列导学——名词

刘守君

【知识梳理】

名词(noun)是用来表示人、事物、地点、现象及其它抽象概念等名称的词。学习或复习名词,需掌握以下几个要点:

一、名词的分类

二、名词的数

可数名词有单复数的区分,当数量大于一时就要用复数形式。可数名词由单数变复数有以下种情况:

1. 规则变化

2. 不规则变化

温馨提示

(1)绝对不可数名词。

可数名词和不可数名词往往是相对的,比如抽象名词和物质名词虽然无法用数字计算,属不可数名词,但表示种类或者具体化时却可能有复数形式出现,如“difficulties”表示“各种各样的困难,难办的事”;或者在前面加a/an,如a coffee表示“一杯咖啡”,“A knowledge of history is important for us.”中的“a knowledge of history”表示“对历史知识有一定的了解”。

以下名词可称作“绝对不可数名词”,前面不加a/an, 词尾没有-s,其谓语永远用单数:advice, news, information, homework, fun, progress, rubbish, garbage, money, furniture, luggage, bread, music, jewelry, clothing, equipment等。

(2)永远以复数形式呈现的名词。

thanks和congratulations作名词用时,几乎永远都是复数形式,可能这样才能表达出说话者的盛情。

三、名词的格

【灵活运用】

一、语篇识别从下列短文中选出尽可能多的个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词,并将其分别填入文后的表格中。

Who Really Discovered America?

Was Columbus really the first explorer to discover the Americas? The great Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl didn't think so. He believed that ancient people were able to build boats that could cross oceans.

To test his ideas, Heyerdahl decided to build a copy of the reed boats pictured in ancient Egyptian paintings and sail across the Atlantic from North Africa to Barbados. Heyerdahl's team also copied ancient Middle Eastern pots and filled them with enough food for their journey—dried fish, honey, oil, some eggs and nuts, and a little fresh fruit. Ra, the expedition's boat, carried an international group including a Norwegian, an Egyptian, an Italian, a Mexican, and a Chadian.

On May 25, 1969, Ra left Safi in Morocco and headed across the widest part of the Atlantic. Ra fell apart just before it reached Barbados, but everyone survived and wanted to try again.

On May 17, 1970, Ra II, sailing under the flag of the United Nations, successfully crossed the Atlantic in 57 days. The expedition proved that ancient civilizations had enough skill to reach the Americas long before Columbus did.

二、语法填空 按照下面句子结构的语法性,在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的适当形式填空。

1. Every means ________(try) to make him give up smoking. But I failed.

2. ________ fun it is to jump into water and swim on a hot summer day!

3. Give Mary my ________(congratulate) and tell her Ill come soon.

4. The cattle ________(be) going to be sold with the farm.

5. So many ________(country), so many customs.

6. These clothes ________(be) the latest fashion, so I think youll like them.

7. A crossroads of life ________(lie) in front of me and I dont know what to do.

8. The family ________(delight) with their presents.

9. He left without a word of ________(thank), which made all of us confused.

10. You wont find any good ________(tomato) in that basket, theyve been well picked over.

三、完成句子根据汉语意思完成英文句子,注意划线部分的正确表达。

1. 这栋大楼里有许多女警官上班。

There are a lot of _______________________ working in the building.

2. 汤姆去他的医生那里就其心脏病征求意见。

Tom went to his doctor _______________________ about his heart trouble.

3. 那边的那位女士是简和玛丽的母亲。

The lady over there is _______________________.

4. 有一则消息可能会使你感兴趣。

Theres _______________________ that might interest you.

5. 房间里面满是家具。

The room is ______________________.

6. 恐怕我们取得的进步不大。

Im afraid were not______________________.

7. 这条道路上最近发生了一系列的交通事故。

Theres been ______________________ on this road recently.

8. 我家距学校开车15分钟的路程。

Its ___________________________ by car from my home to my school.

9. 我昨天在书店选了许多儿童图书。

I picked up a lot of ________________________ at the book store yesterday.

10. 我们学校有130位老师,其中包括65位女老师。

There are _____________________________________

in our school.

参考答案

一、语篇识别

二、语法填空

1. was tried。means作方法解时,单复数同形,题中every 后的名词是单数,谓语动词用单数。

2. What。fun为不可数名词,所以感叹句用what,而不是what a或how引出。

3. congratulations。在形容词性物主代词后,一定是用名词形式。注意congratulations一是永远用复数形式,二是与on搭配。

4. are。cattle和police都是集体名词,谓语要用复数。

5. countries。在many后一定是可数名词的复数形式。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的名词要变“y”为“i”,再加“-s”。

6. are。clothes是集体名词,不是一件一件的衣服。

7. lies。crossroads表示的是由四个不同方向的路交叉而成的路,虽然是复数形式,但是单数意义。也可以写作crossroad。

8. are delighted。集体名词family在此表示所有个体,因此是复数意义。

9.thanks。复数形式的thanks才能表现出浓浓的谢意。

10. tomatoes。由they可知,tomato要用复数形式。以“辅音字母 + o”结尾的名词变复数时要加“-es”。

三、完成句子

1. women police officers

2. for advice

3. Jane and Marys mother

4. an item/piece of news

5. full of furniture

6. making much progress

7. a series of traffic accidents

8. 15 minutes ride

9. childrens books

10. 130 teachers, including 65 women teachers

责任编校蒋小青