姜 勇
动词时态是英语语法中的重中之重,是学习非谓语动词的基础,更是全国各省市高考英语命题的必考内容,主要考查一般时态、进行时态、完成时态及现在完成进行时。如何正确判断时态,是学生做题的难点。本文结合近几年高考试题,谈谈做好动词时态题的方法。
1.认清具有时间标志或提示性的词语,准确分析时间状语
不同的时间状语要求不同的时态,这类题属于对时态的基本考查。
例1:——Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
——Yes,I did.You know,my brother_______in the match.
A.is playing B.was playing
C.has played D.had played(08安徽)
【解题分析】上文中yesterday可知,本题考查一般过去时和过去进行时,题意为:(昨天我看比赛时)我哥哥正在打比赛。过去进行时强调在过去某一具体时间正在进行的动作。正确选项为B。
例2:——Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
——I think so.He?____________for it for months.
A.is preparingB.was preparing
C.had been preparing D.has been preparing(08江苏)
【解题分析】本题由提示性的词语for months可知,强调“几个月以来,他一直为此事做准备”,故选现在完成进行时,正确答案为D。
2.结合语境,理解上下文的暗示
例3:The hotel wasnt particularly good,but I___________in many worse hotels.
A.was staying B.stayed
C.would stay D.had stayed(2008北京)
【解题分析】本题考查一般过去时和过去完成时态,根据语境可知,后句其意为I had lived in many worse hotels than that one,即“以前住过比这更糟的旅馆”。正确选项为D。
例4:——Whats that noise?
—— Oh,I forgot to tell you.The new machine_________________.
A.was testedB.will be tested
C.is being tested D.has been tested(08浙江)
【解题分析】本题考查时态和语态,“Whats that noise?”就当前听到的声音提问,故选C项。
3.分析句子结构,选择适合固定句型的时态
例5:——Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?
——Yes,since she_______________the Chinese Society.
A.has joined B.joins C.had joined D.joined(06全国I)
【解题分析】第二句其实为省略句,即I have known Dr. Jackson since she joined the Chinese Society.正确选项为D。
例6:——Did Linda see the traffic accident?
——No,no sooner_____________than it happened.
A.had she goneB.she had gone
C.has she goneD.she has gone(06天津卷)
【解题分析】该题结合固定句型考时态,即“no sooner...than...”句式。要求主句用过去完成时,并且变为倒装结构had she gone,故选A项。
4.吃透具体语境中的虚拟语气
掌握好现在、将来、过去三种情况的虚拟语气是做好该题的基础,同时还要注意混合时态的虚拟语气。
例7:If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.
But it__________________all day.
A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining(08全国II)
【解题分析】这是典型的与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,表达的实际意思是“(过去)天下雨了”,一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去,不强调动作的延续性。正确选项为A。
例8:Eliza remembers everything as if it____________yesterday.
A.was happening B.happens
C.has happened D.happened(06全国I)
【解题分析】本题考查与现在事实相反的虚拟语气中动词时态的运用,主句中remembers为一般现在时态,as if引导的从句应该用一般过去时。正确选项为D了。
总之,时态的使用往往与语境、时间状语、句子结构、虚拟语气等多种因素有关,在做题时只有吃透试题语境,认清时态提示语,才能合理选择时态。