谈谈图表类说明文的写作技巧

叶晓靖

图表类作文的特点是提示语言少但信息量大而且零散，对考生在考场上短时间内整理、组织信息的能力要求较高，因此难度也较大。但此类作文的方法是不难掌握的，以下是笔者总结的一些图表类作文的解题步骤及技巧，供各位考生参考。

一、审题三部曲：

1. 一审对象：明确文章主题，确定阐述对象。

2. 二审数据：把握变化规律，揣摩蕴含信息。

3. 三审时态：描述过去情况时使用一般过去时，而发表个人看法或者结尾总结时应使用一般现在时。

二、写作三部曲

1. 漂亮第一句，有章可循。

The table/chart shows that ...

The figures/statistics demonstrate/reveal that...

It can be seen from the figures that...

We can see from the table/chart that ...

The graph shows the changes in the number of...over the period from...to...

2. 积累分析数据的句型，写好第二、三、四句。

①描述上升：

The number sharply/ rapidly/slowly /steadily went up/rose / increased/ grew to...

The figures reached the peaks in the year...

②描述下降：

The number sharply/rapidly/slowly /steadilydropped/ reduced/ decreased/ to ...

The figures reached the bottom in the year...

③描述数据平稳过渡、无变化：

The number of...stayed the same between... and...

The number of... remained the same.

④ 描述对比：

词组：as...as; ...times + the height/length/width of...; less than, more than, the same as, similar to, equal to; be twice / three times more than; be half as ... as

句型：

In comparison with that in ..., the percentage of ... decreased by...

The number of ... increased slightly and the number of ... declined slightly.

连接词：while, but, on the contrary, however, in contrast to

3. 第五句：结尾句做总结。

词组：in a word, in short, to sum up, in all, altogether, generally speaking, in my opinion / view ...

句型：From the figures/statistics above, we can see/conclude/draw a conclusion that ...

三、实例分析

[例1]自1970年至1990年，中国农民个人收入稳步增长，特别是改革开放政策大大促进了农村经济发展。请你根据下面图表及汉语提示，用五个句子描述其变化，并简述其原因。

参考词汇： 图表 graph 改革开放reform and opening up

审题过程

一看对象：农民个人收入随时间而发生的变化；

二看数据：呈现总体增长，随着时间的推移，收入增长幅度也越快，这是数据体现出来比较明显的特征，以时间为顺序描述即可；

三看时态：由于横坐标上的年份都是过去的时间，应该使用一般过去时。

磨刀不误砍柴工，必须在短时间内做好以上几个审题步骤，然后才可以动笔写作。

参考范文

The graph reveals that the farmers personal income increased steadily from 1970 to 1990. （第一句总起导入）We can see that the number began to go up since 1975, when the annual income was only 180 yuan. But the number has rose up to 640 yuan ten years later. In the next 20 years, the farmers income grew more rapidly and finally reached 980yuan in 1990. （第二、三、四句数据分析）From the statistics above, we can draw a conclusion that the reform and opening policy resulted in the rapid increase of farmers income. （最后一句总结）

[例2]最近，同学们都在讨论如何在高三紧张的学习氛围中保持良好的心理状态，以下是所搜集到的有关舒缓学习压力方法的饼形数据图，请根据以下调查结果，写一份简单的调查报告，用五个句子表达全部内容。

审题过程

一看对象：舒缓压力的方法；选择某种方式的原因；

二看数据：按照百分比占有率从大到小为顺序；

三看时态：由于阐述的是关于调查结果的事实，文章应该使用一般现在时。

参考范文

Recently we have made a survey of our classmates about their views on how to relieve heavy pressure of study in Senior 3. 85% of the interviewees intend to turn to their parents, teachers or friends for help and advice, because those are all they can truly rely on. 10% choose to relax themselves by listening to the music or writing a diary. In their opinion, they prefer to adjust themselves on their own. However, there are still the other 5% who dont know how to deal with the pressure they meet and always feel unhappy about life.

责任编校蒋小青