读写任务议论文的写作模式

谭达文

笔者在本文将与广大同学一起探讨如何在下笔前规划好议论文的框架和内容，可以运用什么思路模式让自己在十分紧迫的时间内完成一篇内容丰富、结构完整、文笔流畅、逻辑性强的文章。

一、议论文的基本框架

英语议论文有其独特的框架结构，让读者迅速捕住作者的观点和思路，值得考生模仿。

1. 开门见山引出论点。

在文章开头，通过主题句鲜明提出观点或引出将要论述的内容，防止在论述的过程中跑题。常用的句式有：

2. 多种形式展示论据。

议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，如通过对比观点、阐述原因、列举例子等，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充；议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的，因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。常用的句式有：

3. 总结升华，重申观点。

在段或文章的结尾，考生可以用不同的语言表达，重申主题或提出解决问题的建议，从而使文章结构严谨、主题鲜明。常用的句式有：

To sum up/In short/In conclusion/ On the whole/ All in all, ...

Taking all the factors into account, we can draw a conclusion that...

From the discussion above, it can be safely concluded that...

Therefore, it is necessary for us to ...

To be brief, we should be aware of the importance of...

Only when we/Only by..., can we...

二、审读写作内容，规划写作思路

在审题和整理思路时，我们必须高度重视题干中的写作内容。正确解读写作内容是我们写好文章的关键所在，因为里面包含或隐含着命题者希望我们写什么，怎样写。

近两年的广东高考读写任务的写作内容都会包括“写作背景”和“内容要点”两方面的要求。其中“写作背景”告诉考生写这篇文章所用的人称（考生的角色）、时态、主题、文体（格式、套语）、语体（读者是谁，用什么语气）。而“内容要点”则帮助考生搭建文章的内容框架。考生需要分析解读“内容要点”，揣摸命题者希望我们考生写什么，怎么写。笔者结合2008年高考读写任务题干中的写作内容分析如何审读这部分的“写作背景”和“写作内容”。

学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”，内容要点包括：

1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；

2.然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：

（１）对中学生活的感受；

（２）理想的大学生活；

（３）中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。

1. 对“写作背景”的解读。

“写作背景”隐含着非常丰富的信息，需要我们考生仔细解读。我们可以借助下表对2008高考的“写作背景”作整体的分析。

2. 对“内容要点”的审读。

“内容要点”实际上是告诉考生如何围绕主题，分层分点论述。笔者建议，对于每一个小点，考生都应该写出该要点的主题句，而且要分段，以展示文章的逻辑和层次结构。另外考生要充分挖掘各要点所派生出的子问题，使主题和观点得到充分的论述，从而丰富文章的内容。2008高考题的“内容要点”可作以下的审读和分析：

要点（1）除了关注你的感受是什么，但其实还隐含另一个问题 Why do you feel so? Give some points to support your view. 所以考生需要写出感受作为主题句，然后再围绕主题论述原因。例如：

For me, my life in high school is fruitful, because it makes me grow from a naive kid to a grown-up, who knows how to study efficiently and handles interpersonal relationship properly.

但笔者评改作文的时候发现，有部分同学没有捕抓到所隐含的问题，对要点进行扩展，而只是一带而过，或者对自己的感受作简单的列举、堆砌。还有一部分同学在文中提到 “My high school life is extremely dull, as I do not have spare time to do what I like.” 值得商榷的是由于这是一篇中美学生交流活动的演讲稿，考生作为演讲者的角色，用“dull”来形容中学生活似乎就不大得体了，而且给评卷老师的印象也不好，因为面对繁重的改卷任务他们更希望看到观点内容积极乐观的文章。如果真要强调这一观点，换成 “Generally, my high school life is enjoyable, but it is a little tough, as lots of homework makes me suffer a lot sometimes so that I do not have much spare time to do what I like.”是否会得体些呢？所以考生在选取角度和观点时需要注意结合写作背景，注意内容和语言的得体性。

要点（2），同样可以解读为下面的问题：What do you expect your college life to be? Why do you think so? 该要点的主题句可以是：In my mind, college life can provide us with opportunities to follow my hobby. 然后从“Why do you think so?”这一角度对话题展开讨论。例如：First, many optional courses are offered there and I can choose some of them according to my interests. In addition, in my spare time, I can enjoy myself in some clubs where I can practise my interests or make full use of them to serve the public. In this way, my interests can be so well developed that they can prepare me for my future career.

而对于要点（3）的第一点“中学生活和大学生活的差别”，笔者认为有两种思路。考生可以在主题句把“差别”具体化，接着谈如何适应。如：As far as I am concerned, the ability of self-learning is more demanding in college than in senior high school. So it is necessary for me to make detailed plans and stick to them. 或者在主题句后的拓展部分再把“差别”具体化。如：Of course, the college life differs greatly from previous life in high school. For example, the ability of self-learning plays a more important role. But I will...”

三、内容结构的几种模式

为使考生更好地整理写作思路，笔者结合近几年高考题和各地模拟题的写作内容中的内容要点，对主题句、围绕主题句的展开、及结束句/段的部分内容结构模式进行归纳。

1. 主题句的几种模式。

（１）回答要点。如，你认为好老师应该具有什么样的好品质（2007年汕头一模）。

In my eyes, a good teacher should treat his students fairly as well as make the class lively and interesting.

（２）复述内容。如，中学生活和大学生活的差别（2008年广东高考）。

From my point of view, college life will be different from the life in high school.

（３）明示观点。如，你对学校拆掉图书馆的看法（2008年广州二模）。

Personally, I strongly believe we should preserve this old school library.

（４）引出观点。如：My support for tearing down the old library is based on the following reasons.

（５）引出经历。如：根据你的个人学习简述你独自学习或与他人合作学习的理由（2007年广州一模）。

Actually，my experience tells me that co-operative learning is more beneficial to me.

2. 围绕主题句展开的几种模式。

（１）说明原因。如，你认为怎样的学习方式才能取得最佳的学习效果（2007年广州一模）。

I believe group study is the most helpful way to my learning. Within a group, opinions can be exchanged fully and casually, and under this circumstance, individual ideas are sparked and bred. Gradually, by I referring to such ideas, I learn how to sharpen my analysis with the help of co-operation.

（２）列举支撑点。如，解释你支持或反对学校这一决定的理由 （2008年广州二模）。

I feel shocked at the announcement and oppose tearing down the old library. First of all, as the library is a symbol of our school as well as a cultural relic in the city, it is valuable for us to learn about the development of the school and the city. Whats more, ...

（３）细化主题句。如，就“压力对学生的影响”发表自己的看法(2007年珠海调研)。

It is obvious that too much pressure is harmful to us students. As we know, pressure not only destroys our motivation for study but also ruins our health.

（４）说明结果、后果。如，你对国家“禁止商场免费提供塑料袋”的看法（2008年深圳一模）。

It is necessary for the government to forbid shops from offering free plastic bags. With this ban, shopping customers would gradually form a habit of bringing environmentally-friendly bags with them so that the consumption of plastic bags would be greatly reduced.

（５）引用个人经历。如，以你和李华之间的经历来说明其中的一点看法（2008年广州一模）。

As a classmate of Li Ping, I benefit a lot from his generous help. I still remember that...

3. 结束句/段的模式

（１）重申主题。Therefore, it is the choice of being positive and cheerful that can help us overcome setbacks. (2007年广州调研)

（２）陈述积极的意义。Only when honesty is ringing in the society, can trust be valued by the public.（2008年广州调研）.

（３）提出解决问题的方法。So whatever we do, we should make full preparation in advance.(2007年广州二模)

（４）围绕主题，表明决心、信心。I am confident that I will make every effort to satisfy your demand of being brave and successful. (2007年广东高考)

即学即练

阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

Florence Chadwick was a great swimmer. However, not all of her efforts worked out.In addition to working hard, she had a secret for success. At the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast. However, in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense that she could hardly see her support boats. Her body was numb(麻木) and she had been swimming for nearly 16 hours. Against the frigid (寒冷) grip of the sea, she struggled on — hour after hour — while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence, in one of the boats, her father and trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasnt much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had... until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. Still thawing(使变暖和) her chilled body several hours later, she told a reporter, “Look, I am not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land, I might have made it.” It was not fatigue(疲劳) or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.

Two months later, she tried again. Despite the same dense fog, she swam with her faith intact(未受影响的) and her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land, and this time, she made it!

[写作内容]

你准备参加学校最近组织的一次英文演讲比赛，主题是“The Value of Goals”。在准备演讲时，你读到上面的文章，给你很大的启发。请准备一份演讲稿。

1. 以约30个词概括上文的要点；

2. 然后以约120个词谈谈你对“目标的重要性”的看法，内容包括：

（１）你读完这个故事的感受；

（２）谈谈你是如何理解目标在人生当中所起的作用的；

（３）鼓励大家要树立目标，并为目标的实现而努力。

[写作要求]

1. 可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得引用原文的句子；

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。

参考例文

Several days ago, I came across a story about Florence Chadwick, the first woman who succeeded in swimming the Catalina Channel. It was a goal in her mind that enabled her to make the breakthrough regardless of dense fog, which failed her first attempt.

I was deeply inspired by such a story, as it makes me realize the power of a goal in shaping ones success and gives me strength to pursue my goal, despite the hardships I am to go through

In my view, goals are crucial to guiding our lives. To begin with, as goals often go with hopes, they have the magic to enable us to be positive towards ups and downs. Moreover, bearing goals in mind, we are less likely to be blind to the ideals of our life and be distracted from our way to success. Finally, As goals are what we are longing for, they thus can motivate us to strive for greater achievement, making our lives more fulfilling.

Since goals are so significant to our lives, it is worthwhile for us students to set up goals and accomplish them with every effort we can make.

责任编校 蒋小青