走进构词法专列

王小英

英语中构成单词的方法常有合成、派生、转化词义等几种。下面请走进构词法专列逐项欣赏：

一、合成词汇展厅

合成词，又名复合词,因由两词(或多词)合并成一词(词与词之间也可以有连字符)而得名；其中合成名词是标准的大家庭,其次是合成形容词，合成介词、副词、数词等也“人才辈出”。

A. 合成名词网页grandchildren, afternoon, volleyball, washroom, policeman, keyboard, goodbye, pencilbox, postman, breakfast, etc.

B. 合成形容词网页English-speaking, Chinese-English, etc.

C. 其它合成词网页something, everybody, sometimes, twenty-first, yourself, etc.

列车员：春天到，杨柳青青树枝发——英语中也有不少“词干”通过加前缀或后缀，“长出”串串“派生词”!请瞧好了……

二、派生词小观园

所谓派生词，就是由词根加前缀或后缀重组而成：如like(像)-unlike(不像)，加前缀,一般不导致词类(性)转变，而只是引起意义上的变化，故有加前缀便可能构成反义词之说；near(adj.)-nearly(adv.)，加后缀，意义变化不大，只改变了词类(性)；其中以名词、形容词的后缀最多，加上副词、数词的后缀合称四大常见后缀。

A. 后缀主页其中以名词后缀(像-ness,-tion,-ian,-ure,-ing等)、形容词的后缀(像-ful,-ed,-less,-able等)居多;它们与副词后缀(-ly)、数词的后缀(像-teen,-ty,-th等)合称“四大名缀”。

a. 名词后缀网页good-goodness; play-player; America-American; build-building; please-pleasure; different-difference; etc.

b. 形容词后缀网页friend-friendly; England-English; close-closed; etc.

c. 副词、数词等后缀网页certain-certainly; eight-eighteen; eighty-eighteenth; etc.

B. 前缀主页like-dislike; happy-unhappy; etc.

列车员：词汇大家族里还有不少“双重身份”者：它们既服役于此词类，一转身又去另一方面军效劳，人称“转化词或兼类词”。眼见为实，一起去看看……

三、转化词全家福

A. 动词→名词方队

water浇水 / 水，break打破/休息，go去/试，watch观看/手表，boat划船/船，cook煮饭/厨师，etc.

注：look, talk, rest, swim, try, read等动词常用于have / take a...结构中作名词。

B. 动词→形容词方队

open开/开着的；clean擦洗/干净的；etc.

C. 名词→形容词方队

light灯/轻的；淡的(颜色)；orange桔子；桔红色/桔红色的；Chinese中国人/汉语 / 中国的；etc.

D. 其它转化词方队

dear亲爱的/昂贵的；like喜欢/像；etc.

注：多数词仅词性变化，如：work v. & n.工作，yellow adj. & n.黄色(的)；thank v. & n.感谢；that pron. & adj.那(个)， etc.

四、体验性自测题：

做罢下列三种“体验性自测题”，相信大家定能从构词法的特点中获益多多，并积极运用于平时的知识识记中！

⒈ 形同意不同：仔细观察转化词转化前后的区别。

(1) a. He is strong enough to lift the heavy box. (v.)

b. He often uses a lift to go up and down. (n.)

(2) a. How kind you are!(adj.)

b. This kind of cakes tastes so nice. (n.)

(3) a. Isnt a ball round? (adj. )

b. The earth goes round the sun. (adv.)

(4) a. My father is a good cook. (n.)

b. My father likes to cook himself today. (v.)

⒉ 变变变：请看派生构词法如何让个个平时熟悉的单词“身随境变”。

(1) How________(interest)!He is________(interest) in ________(play) football too.

(2) You are too ________(care). How can you leave the two babies all by ________(they)？

(3) The three ________(America) are very ________(happy) because the loud noise woke them up from

time to time.

(4) July is the ________(seven) month of the year, and its also the ________(hot) one in China.

Keys：⒈(1)a.举起b.电梯(2)a.和气,好心的b.种类(3)a.圆的b.围绕(4)a.厨师b.煮饭、炒菜

⒉(1)interesting, interested, playing (2)careless, themselves (3)Americans, unhappy (4)seventh, hottest