如何解阅读中的推理判断题

储小琴

在高考阅读题理解中，学生最感棘手的是推理判断题。在解此类题时常常会犯张冠李戴、以偏概全的错误。分不清主与次、泛与窄、直接与间接、特殊与普遍、绝对与相对等之间的关系。要想正确地解答此类试题，必须深入字里行间，根据上下文作出合理的判断。现将一些常见的推断题归纳如下，旨在掌握一些解题的技巧，从而减少应考中的失误。

一、 文章来源推理判断题

此类题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处。文章的类别可以根据整篇文章中反复出现的关键词来判别，而文章的来源可依据下列特征来判别：

A. 报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社的名称。

B. 广告：其格式特殊，易于辨认。

C. 广播：开头时主持人会向听众问好，并自我介绍。

D. 产品使用说明书：常出现其名称与操作方式。

E. 食谱：常常有使用材料与份量。

该类型的判断题常常以下面的形式提出问题。如：

Where would this passage most probable appear ？

The passage is most likely a part of________.

This passage can be best described as________.

The passage is most likely to be taken from______.

参看一道高考阅读测试题：

Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

“To reduce pain, take two tablets with water, followed by one tablet every 8 hours as required. For night瞭ime and early morning relief, take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in 24 hours.

For children 6 to 12 years old, give half the amount. For children under 6 years old, ask your doctor餾 advice.

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”

This text is most probably taken from a________.

A. textbookB. newsreel

C. doctor餾 notebook D. bottle of medicine

【题析】 该文除第一段外，其他段落都使用了直接引语的形式，交待如何服药。许多学生在没有辨认文章文体的情况下，匆忙选择了D。但忽视了文章的第一小节的内容，而此内容永远不会在药瓶的说明中所出现的。由此可见这一节选来自教科书中有关读服药说明的文章。故应选A。

二、 文章观点、结论推理判断题

此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测文中某一观点，仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握。因为它们在语义上是紧密相连的，次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要论点的。所以了解全文主要观点或中心思想对正确解答此类试题至关重要。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：

It can be inferred from the passage that_______.

What conclusion can be drawn from the passage ？

From the passage we can conclude that_______.

参看一道高考阅读测试题：

The new type of pineapple looked more yellowy瞘old than green. It was slightly softer on the outside and had a lot of juice inside. But the most important thing about this new type of pineapple was that it was twice as sweet as the hit瞐nd瞞iss pineapples we had known. In no time, the Del Monte took the market by storm, rapidly becoming the world餾 best瞫elling pineapple variety, and delivering natural levels of sweetness in the mouth, up until then only found in tinned pineapple.

(2008 全国高考试题I 阅读理解C篇)

We can learn from the text that the new type of pineapple is________.

A. green outside and sweet inside

B. good瞝ooking outside and soft inside

C. yellowy瞘old outside and hard inside

D. a little soft outside and sweet inside

【题析】 该文主要论述了一种经过改良后的菠萝品种的特征，不少学生只注意到其色彩的对比，而忽视了其内在的特征，可能会选择B。而根据句中的it was twice as sweet as…判断其正确答案应为D。

在推测文章的观点或结论时要注意，既然是推测题，凡是文章明确提到的都不会是答案，尽管和文章的中心思想有关，但没有依据的也不会是答案。谨防出现率较高的“以假乱真”或“张冠立戴”类的干扰。

三、 作者态度、语气推理判断题

此类题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、文体和结构表现出来，并常常用下面的一些词汇进行表述。如：褒义词useful, interesting, admiring, positive 等；贬义词disappointed, critical, negative等；中性词indifferent, humor, neutral等。因此学生必须透过字里行间察其端倪，以此作为前提进行推理。

该类型的问题常常用以下的形式出现：

The attitude of the author towards somebody/ something is…

The author餾 attitude towards…can be best described as________.

The tone of this passage is best described as________.

参看一道高考阅读测试题：

Topping the class academically was certainly an advantage. Studying was a breeze for Nigel. The reward was certainly incomparable to the little effort that he had to put in. It began when he was selected to help the teachers in computer laboratories….

On the day of the competition, he saw Alicia. Everything dawned on her the minute she saw him among the competitors. She stares at him puzzled at first, then angry and finally a look of helplessness came over her.

The flashbulbs of the camera exploded in Nigel餾 face. The robot had performed actions so unique and different that the specialists judgments were the same. Nigel was so pleased with himself that he did not even notice the girl standing a few feet away from him. Without her, he would never have won the competition.

What is the author餾 attitude towards Nigel餾 actions?

A. He is mildly critical.

B. He is strongly critical.

C. He is in favor of them.

D. His attitude is not clear.

(2008 江西卷 阅读理解C篇)

【题析】 根据文章中对Nigel的细致刻画可知，作者对Nigel持一种温和而善意的批评的态度，特别是文章的最后一句Without her, he would never have won the competition. 而确定答案应为A。

在解此类题时，有时文中问的不是态度而是语气，作者的语气或幽默，或严肃，或挖苦，或讽刺等，这些都是表明作者的态度、立场和观点的。所以在文章中常常会用下面的词语来论述。如：humorous, serious, bitter, ironic, emotional, angry 等。因此在解题时要注意其语气词的使用，方能做出正确推断。

四、 文章标题推论判断题

此类题常常要求学生根据所读的文章寻找主旨句，然后将其浓缩或简化，便可得出答案。若找不到主旨句，则须根据选择项的关键词和文章内容对比，进行排除。文章内未提到或仅仅在某部分提到者可能不是答案。

该类型的问题常常用以下的形式出现：

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

What is the best title for the passage?

What would be the best title for the text?

五、 文章主题推理判断题

此类题是学生最容易产生失误的题目，因此解题时必须纵观全文的内容去判断，不能只根据文章段落中的只言片语加以判断，以防概括不够的错误。首先必须根据文章中的细节事实和作者所使用的论据找出各段的主题句，然后进行归纳、总结和概括。其中心思想要覆盖全文，切勿离题太远。

该类型的问题常常用以下的形式出现：

What is the main purpose of the text?

The text / passage is mainly about________.

The main idea of the text of the passage is that________.

例如：在一篇介绍未来太空旅行的文章中，有一道这样的选择题：

This passage is mainly about________.

A. traveling in space

B. the way of living in space hotels

C. zero gravity and space hotels

D. the description of space hotels

(2008 江西卷 阅读理解E篇)

【题析】 文章第一段介绍了space hotels的情况，第二段介绍了为什么very few designs for space hotels were published，第三段介绍了the travelers如何enjoy themselves in space hotels， 第四段勾画了人们对space hotels的更多的憧憬。毫无疑问，the description of space hotels 就是文章的主要内容。

再如一篇论述健康话题的阅读，作者论述了现代生活中工作与休息之间须调和的关系，文章指出在繁忙的工作之余也要注意休息，因为这是我们的生理需要，也是精神需要。在阅读后有一个判断文章中心思想的题目：

What is the main idea of this passage?

A. We should balance work with rest.

B. The Sabbath gives permission to rest.

C. It is silly for anyone to say “I am so busy”.

D. We should be available to our family and friends.

(2008 湖北卷 阅读理解D篇)

【题析】 通过文章中一些典型的话语可以判断。如：After years of non瞫top work, he might wear himself out and die an early death. In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Because we do not rest, we lost our way. Rest is a spiritual and biological need.

现代生活使我们每天忙碌，但为了我们的生理和精神需求，我们应该有适当的休息，要做到劳逸结合。由此判断该题应选A。

通过上述几种类型的推理判断题的分析可以看出，阅读中的难点是在解题时必须从不同的侧面去加以分析。首先必须搞清楚该题属于哪一种类型的推理题，然后认真阅读每一段落中的主题句，明辨文章是用哪些细节来论述其主题的。解题时必须从多重角度加以分析，不要受干扰项的影响和迷惑，去粗取精、去伪存真，才能在解题时有较高的正确率。